拍摄现场：英国彭赞斯skilly海滩的反拨波。
The Spot: "Backwash Wave" on Skilly Beach, Penzance, England.
反拨效应是指测试对教学所产生的影响。
Washback refers to the influence of tests on teaching and learning.
同时，测试的异化也不得不让我们扩大测试反拨效应的内涵。
Meanwhile, the paper leads the researchers to the enlarged connotation of the negative backwash of language testing.
反拨效应是指测试对教与学的影响，其影响可能是积极的，也有可能是消极的。
Washback, which can be positive or negative, generally refers to the influence of testing on teaching and learning.
指出“文”是一种充满审美意味的隐喻，体现了审美现代性对社会现代性的反拨。
By stating that "refinement" is an aesthetic metaphor, the counteraction of aesthetic modernity to social modernity is unfolded.
这些研究加深了人们对测试反拨效应的认识，在一定程度上促进了测试和教学改革。
These studies have deepened people's understanding of this phenomenon and promoted the reform and innovation in language testing and teaching.
从生存活动的主体存在角度论述民俗的定义和性质是对传统民俗学客观化研究的反拨。
Discussing the definition and property of folk custom from the perspective of the living activities is a reflection on the objective study of the traditional folklore.
鉴于四级考试的广泛社会效应与巨大影响力，本文同时也研究这些测试题型的反拨效应。
The paper also explores the reasons for the test method and backwash effect by conducting the questionnaire survey.
他的精神分析学说中关于潜意识和无意识的理论，意在反拨“人是理性动物”的传统观念。
His psychoanalytic theories on the subconscious and the unconscious of the theory, intended to backwash "man is a rational animal," traditional values.
解释了成就测试的概念； 从理论上研究了成就测试与教学之间的关系及成就测试对教学的反拨效应；
She states the definition of achievement tests and examines the interrelationship between achievement testing and teaching and learning and the backwash effect on English teaching and learning;
沈阳体育学院现行体育英语专业高年级精读课考试没有最大限度提高正面反拨效应，且不利于学生能力培养。
Whether achievement testing has positive or negative backwash effect on foreign language teaching and learning has always been a topic for discussion and study in the testing field.
这些研究成果不仅丰富了测试理论，加深了人们对测试反拨效应的认识，在一定程度上促进了测试和教学改革。
These studies results have enriched the test theory, deepened people's understanding of this phenomenon and to some degree promoted the reform and innovation in language testing and teaching.
建基于反思的知识学批判——“反拨”，则是对人的身体性的正当性的论证，并突显了偶在个体的生存意义问题。
The contradiction, on the basis of reflection of knowledge criticism, demonstrates justly the human body, and projectingly shows few individuals' living meanings.
深入研究审美体验是对导致人的社会异化的现代工具理性的一种反拨，也有助于我们更好地理解西方现代主义艺术。
The profound study of aesthetic experience is a sort of revolt against modern means rationality which leads to social alienation and also is helpful our better knowledge of western modern art.
结论认为，外语教学网络多媒体课件开发的基本发展趋势是技术与教育思想充分融合，并对教育实践产生反拨效应。
With the development and popularization of Internet technology, network-based multimedia courseware has been applied widely in the teaching activity.
本文还分析了导致这种由负向反拨效应引起异化趋势的深层原因，并且就如何最大程度避免这种异化趋势提出了一些建议。
This paper also analyses the deep reasons why the testing dissimilative tendency occurs and makes some Suggestions of avoiding the dissimilative tendency to the greatest degree.
作为后现代主义的主要文学形式之一，后现代小说对传统的小说形式作了大胆的反拨，以混乱无序、模糊含混、荒诞奇异取代完整清晰、有序理性。
Postmodern fiction, a burgeoning literary form in the postmodern context, reforms the tradition audaciously by replacing order, lucidity and rationality with disorder, obscurity and absurdity.
追溯语言学研究中“语言”与“言语”二分的历史渊源，对传统结构主义语言学重“语言”而轻“言语”的研究范式和后来的语用学派对这种范式的反拨分别进行述评。
After a review of the history of the dichotomy of "language" and "parole" in the study of language, this article criticizes the research paradigm of structuralists and that of pragmaticists.
课堂测试是日常教学中经常使用的一种辅助手段。但是，由于一些大型化测试所带来的负面反拨效应，很多人对测试持一种反对态度，课堂测试的作用没有得到充分的重视。
Teacher-designed classroom tests are frequently used in classroom settings, so it can be expected that such tests play a crucial role in the mediation of teaching and learning effects.
本文在追溯了语言学研究中“语言”与“言语”二分的历史渊源之后，对传统结构主义语言学重“语言”而轻“言语”的研究范式和后来的语用学派对这种范式的反拨分别进行了述评。
After a review of the history of the dichotomy of "langue" and "parole" in the study of language, this article criticizes the research paradigm of structuralists and that of pragmaticists.
比如说，警方可能设置反家庭虐待热线，以便那些在家中或者是受到家庭成员虐待的人拨入求助。
For example, the police might have a domestic abuse hotline that people can call if they are being hurt in their homes by family members.
比如说，警方可能设置反家庭虐待热线，以便那些在家中受到家庭成员虐待的人拨入求助。
For example, the police might have a domestic abuse hotline that people can call if they are being hurt in their homes by family members.
比如说，警方可能设置反家庭虐待热线，以便那些在家中受到家庭成员虐待的人拨入求助。
For example, the police might have a domestic abuse hotline that people can call if they are being hurt in their homes by family members.
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