我们之前在课上讨论过休谟，对吧？
我们之前在课上讨论过休谟。
哲学家大卫·休谟在1757年的一篇文章中谈到，因为人类的审美具有共同性，所以一些艺术作品的价值可能是永恒的。
In a 1757 essay, the philosopher David Hume argued that because "the general principles of taste are uniform in human nature", the value of some works of art might be essentially permanent.
经验主义者有洛克，柏克莱和休谟。
休谟的答案基本上同意一致性的观点。
休谟想象出来一个思维实验。
为什么休谟就得是错的呢？
休谟在很多方面都承袭于霍布斯。
现代很多观点认为休谟承袭于牛顿和洛克。
Now in many ways Hume can be seen as building on Newton and Locke.
休谟并不这么认为。
这是休谟关于归纳法最为著名的怀疑论基调。
基于那样的背景，让我们重新回到休谟的问题上来。
Okay, with that background let's go back to Hume's question.
这只是关于休谟讨论物质事实的其中一个例子而已。
So it's just an example of the kind of matter of fact that Hume is talking about.
我们看到休谟给我们留下了一幅关于人性令人相当不安的画面。
Well we saw Hume leaving us with a rather unsettling picture of human nature.
休谟在理解一般科学是如何运作的问题上承袭了这个模式。
So that is taken by Hume to be a model for how science in general can operate.
甚至著名的苏格兰经验主义哲学家大卫·休谟也偶尔来此做客。
Even David Hume, a famous Scottish empiricist, paid the occasional visit.
关于道德证据，休谟认为是归纳的推理，推理则来自于经验。
And by moral evidence, Hume means inductive reasoning, reasoning from experience.
这对于休谟关于因果关系的理解非常重要，我们在下次予以讨论。
Very importantly for understanding causation in Hume which we will come to next time.
这是第一个争论的总结，休谟在里面提出了所有事实推理都基于经验。
That's a summary of the part one argument where Hume says that all factual inferences is found on experience.
这里有一段文章,是休谟于1775年写给他在阿杜巴拉一位朋友的书信。
Well here is a passage from a letter from a gentleman to his friend in Adumbral that Hume wrote in 1775.
但是当我们采纳大卫·休谟关于因果关系的看法时，其地位还是很不一样的。
But if we take David Hume's view of causation then the position is very different.
哲学系教授：他阅读了休谟的哲学理论，并从他的教条主义睡梦中醒悟过来。
还有最后几张幻灯片我很快地总结下，很多人尝试以不同的方式来回答休谟的问题。
Ok, the last few slides I am just going to summarize very quickly, many people have attempted to answer Hume and all sorts of different ways.
200年前，英国哲学家大卫•休谟在书中写到“智者斟酌事实来确定自己的信念。”
Two hundred years earlier, British philosopher David Hume wrote, “A wise man proportions his belief to the evidence.”
休谟论证的基础在于他认为从一个经历到另一个，人们无法推断出它们之间的因果关系。
The foundation that Hume's argument rests upon is that no causal relationship can be inferred from one experience to another.
关于这点我现在不会将细节展开，当你要阅读休谟文献之时，可以看下这些幻灯片的内容，以加强你对文章内容的理解。
I'm not going to go through this now in detail but when you come to Hume's text take a look at these slides and use them to inform your reading of these passages.
“那是休谟的思想，”回答是，“而休谟的思想正和你的思想相同——只有一点不同：他很聪明，承认了贝克莱的问题无法回答。”
"In his, Hume's, mind," was the reply. "And Hume's mind was the same as yours, with this difference: he was wise enough to admit there was no answering Berkeley."
相比伏尔泰、孔多塞和笛卡尔这些利用理性去直面迷信和封建主义的法国启蒙思想者们，海峡对面的思想家，如布鲁克斯在书中所提及的伯克、休谟以及亚当·斯密，则认为信任理性是不明智的行为。
While Voltaire, Condorcet and Descartes used reason to confront superstition and feudalism, thinkers across the Channel – Brooks cites Burke, Hume and Adam Smith – thought it unwise to trust reason.
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