我们之前在课上讨论过休谟，对吧？
我们之前在课上讨论过休谟。
哲学家大卫·休谟在1757年的一篇文章中谈到，因为人类的审美具有共同性，所以一些艺术作品的价值可能是永恒的。
In a 1757 essay, the philosopher David Hume argued that because "the general principles of taste are uniform in human nature", the value of some works of art might be essentially permanent.
经验主义者有洛克，柏克莱和休谟。
休谟在很多方面都承袭于霍布斯。
为什么休谟就得是错的呢？
现代很多观点认为休谟承袭于牛顿和洛克。
Now in many ways Hume can be seen as building on Newton and Locke.
这是休谟关于归纳法最为著名的怀疑论基调。
休谟对意识关系和物质事实进行了鲜明地描述。
And Hume draws a distinction between relations of ideas and matters of fact.
休谟对意识关系和物质事实进行了鲜明地描述。
Hume draws a distinction between relations of ideas and matters of fact.
休谟并不这么认为。
这样的命题形式就是休谟所谓的意识之间的关系。
So these kinds of propositions are for Hume's relations of ideas.
这只是关于休谟讨论物质事实的其中一个例子而已。
So it's just an example of the kind of matter of fact that Hume is talking about.
归纳论点依赖于，大卫，休谟所谓的自然的统一性准则。
All inductive arguments rely on the principle of the uniformity of nature as Hugh called it, David Hugh.
休谟在理解一般科学是如何运作的问题上承袭了这个模式。
So that is taken by Hume to be a model for how science in general can operate.
关于道德证据，休谟认为是归纳的推理，推理则来自于经验。
And by moral evidence, Hume means inductive reasoning, reasoning from experience.
甚至著名的苏格兰经验主义哲学家大卫·休谟也偶尔来此做客。
Even David Hume, a famous Scottish empiricist, paid the occasional visit.
即便是在各方面都受他影响很深的大卫·休谟，也对他避而不谈。
Even David Hume, who was influenced quite a lot by Hobbes in various ways hardly mentions him.
休谟争论说，在制订统治的规则时，最好将所有人都假设为恶棍。
Hume argued that in designing rules of governance, that it would be best to assume that all men are knaves.
这是第一个争论的总结，休谟在里面提出了所有事实推理都基于经验。
That's a summary of the part one argument where Hume says that all factual inferences is found on experience.
这里有一段文章,是休谟于1775年写给他在阿杜巴拉一位朋友的书信。
Well here is a passage from a letter from a gentleman to his friend in Adumbral that Hume wrote in 1775.
但是当我们采纳大卫·休谟关于因果关系的看法时，其地位还是很不一样的。
But if we take David Hume's view of causation then the position is very different.
哲学系教授：他阅读了休谟的哲学理论，并从他的教条主义睡梦中醒悟过来。
如果你现在看看休谟关于自然科学所说的内容，里面的大部分看起来像是常识。
If you now look at Hume's have to say about science, a lot of it will look like commonsense.
《自由秩序原理》中的核心内容之一也是休谟使用的原因之一去削弱理性的主张。
One of the central intellectual projects in the Constitution of Liberty is the Humean one to use reason to whittle down the claims of reason.
这么一来关于归纳法的论断，以休谟的思考方式来看的话,并不会产生怀疑论问题。
So the claim is that induction, no skeptical problem can be raised about induction in the way that Hume was thought to do.
而且我认为量子机械学很好地例证了，休谟的哲学方法是正确的，而康德的则不然。
And I think quantum mechanics is a beautiful example of how Hume's approach to science is turned out to be right rather than Kant's.
还有最后几张幻灯片我很快地总结下，很多人尝试以不同的方式来回答休谟的问题。
Ok, the last few slides I am just going to summarize very quickly, many people have attempted to answer Hume and all sorts of different ways.
这里具有讽刺意味的是，休谟以及那个时代所有的哲人们，几乎都反对笛卡尔的观点。
So there's a bit of a nice irony here that Hume who all these philosophers in this period is probably most opposed to Descartes.
200年前，英国哲学家大卫•休谟在书中写到“智者斟酌事实来确定自己的信念。”
Two hundred years earlier, British philosopher David Hume wrote, “A wise man proportions his belief to the evidence.”
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