我们之前在课上讨论过休谟，对吧？
我们之前在课上讨论过休谟。
哲学家大卫·休谟在1757年的一篇文章中谈到，因为人类的审美具有共同性，所以一些艺术作品的价值可能是永恒的。
In a 1757 essay, the philosopher David Hume argued that because "the general principles of taste are uniform in human nature", the value of some works of art might be essentially permanent.
经验主义者有洛克，柏克莱和休谟。
为什么休谟就得是错的呢？
休谟在很多方面都承袭于霍布斯。
现代很多观点认为休谟承袭于牛顿和洛克。
Now in many ways Hume can be seen as building on Newton and Locke.
休谟并不这么认为。
这是休谟关于归纳法最为著名的怀疑论基调。
休谟指出在知觉中找不到必然性与普遍性。
Hume pointed out we couldn't find inevitability and universality among the consciousness.
休谟的许多论文都包含着早期社会学的思想。
这只是关于休谟讨论物质事实的其中一个例子而已。
So it's just an example of the kind of matter of fact that Hume is talking about.
休谟在理解一般科学是如何运作的问题上承袭了这个模式。
So that is taken by Hume to be a model for how science in general can operate.
即使休谟的怀疑论也不否认，知识中有普遍性和必然性。
Even Hume's skepticism does not deny that the characteristics of universality and necessity are found in cognition.
“归纳问题”自休谟提出以来一直未能得到满意的解决。
There has been no satisfactory resolution to Hume's "induction problem" since he put it forward.
甚至著名的苏格兰经验主义哲学家大卫·休谟也偶尔来此做客。
Even David Hume, a famous Scottish empiricist, paid the occasional visit.
关于道德证据，休谟认为是归纳的推理，推理则来自于经验。
And by moral evidence, Hume means inductive reasoning, reasoning from experience.
在近代认识史上，休谟问题是向人类理性提出的最大挑战。
The Hume's question is the greatest challenge to the human rationality in the modern cognition history.
休谟年轻时写过一本书，驳斥洛克关于原始社会契约的观点。
When he was young, Hume wrote a book arguing against Locke's idea of an original social contract.
这是第一个争论的总结，休谟在里面提出了所有事实推理都基于经验。
That's a summary of the part one argument where Hume says that all factual inferences is found on experience.
这里有一段文章,是休谟于1775年写给他在阿杜巴拉一位朋友的书信。
Well here is a passage from a letter from a gentleman to his friend in Adumbral that Hume wrote in 1775.
因而，青年钱钟书的学术研究的哲学倾向已打上了某种休谟哲学的印记。
Accordingly, we could somewhat find stamps of Hume's philosophy when we investigate the philosophical standpoints of Qian Zhongshu's early academic research.
自休谟以来，归纳问题一直是困扰西方经验主义科学家和哲学家的难题。
Since Hume, the problem of induction had been a puzzle that baffled western empiricist scientists and philosophers.
但是当我们采纳大卫·休谟关于因果关系的看法时，其地位还是很不一样的。
But if we take David Hume's view of causation then the position is very different.
哲学系教授：他阅读了休谟的哲学理论，并从他的教条主义睡梦中醒悟过来。
休谟关于正义起源的观点表明，正义是一种人为的德，而不是—种自然的德。
Hume's viewpoint with regard to the origin of justice indicates that justice is an artificial virtue, but not a natural virtue.
休谟的整个哲学体系体现为经验论、怀疑论和自然主义三者相互贯通的统一体。
Hume's philosophy system embodies the unity of empiricism, scepticism and naturalism which interpenetrate one another.
还有最后几张幻灯片我很快地总结下，很多人尝试以不同的方式来回答休谟的问题。
Ok, the last few slides I am just going to summarize very quickly, many people have attempted to answer Hume and all sorts of different ways.
200年前，英国哲学家大卫•休谟在书中写到“智者斟酌事实来确定自己的信念。”
Two hundred years earlier, British philosopher David Hume wrote, “A wise man proportions his belief to the evidence.”
休谟论证的基础在于他认为从一个经历到另一个，人们无法推断出它们之间的因果关系。
The foundation that Hume's argument rests upon is that no causal relationship can be inferred from one experience to another.
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