我们之前在课上讨论过休谟，对吧？
我们之前在课上讨论过休谟。
哲学家大卫·休谟在1757年的一篇文章中谈到，因为人类的审美具有共同性，所以一些艺术作品的价值可能是永恒的。
In a 1757 essay, the philosopher David Hume argued that because "the general principles of taste are uniform in human nature", the value of some works of art might be essentially permanent.
经验主义者有洛克，柏克莱和休谟。
休谟在很多方面都承袭于霍布斯。
休谟的原则是最著名的，大卫，休谟。
休谟的答案基本上同意一致性的观点。
休谟想象出来一个思维实验。
休谟想把自然科学描绘得非常一般化。
为什么休谟就得是错的呢？
现代很多观点认为休谟承袭于牛顿和洛克。
Now in many ways Hume can be seen as building on Newton and Locke.
这就是休谟的一个例子。
今天的课还将讨论休谟关于自由意志的观点。
这是休谟关于归纳法最为著名的怀疑论基调。
休谟对意识关系和物质事实进行了鲜明地描述。
And Hume draws a distinction between relations of ideas and matters of fact.
休谟对意识关系和物质事实进行了鲜明地描述。
Hume draws a distinction between relations of ideas and matters of fact.
休谟并不这么认为。
这样的命题形式就是休谟所谓的意识之间的关系。
So these kinds of propositions are for Hume's relations of ideas.
基于那样的背景，让我们重新回到休谟的问题上来。
Okay, with that background let's go back to Hume's question.
所以休谟给出的道德准则是基于我们野兽般的人性。
这只是关于休谟讨论物质事实的其中一个例子而已。
So it's just an example of the kind of matter of fact that Hume is talking about.
归纳论点依赖于，大卫，休谟所谓的自然的统一性准则。
All inductive arguments rely on the principle of the uniformity of nature as Hugh called it, David Hugh.
休谟在理解一般科学是如何运作的问题上承袭了这个模式。
So that is taken by Hume to be a model for how science in general can operate.
关于道德证据，休谟认为是归纳的推理，推理则来自于经验。
And by moral evidence, Hume means inductive reasoning, reasoning from experience.
我们看到休谟给我们留下了一幅关于人性令人相当不安的画面。
Well we saw Hume leaving us with a rather unsettling picture of human nature.
这对于休谟关于因果关系的理解非常重要，我们在下次予以讨论。
Very importantly for understanding causation in Hume which we will come to next time.
即便是在各方面都受他影响很深的大卫·休谟，也对他避而不谈。
Even David Hume, who was influenced quite a lot by Hobbes in various ways hardly mentions him.
休谟争论说，在制订统治的规则时，最好将所有人都假设为恶棍。
Hume argued that in designing rules of governance, that it would be best to assume that all men are knaves.
这是第一个争论的总结，休谟在里面提出了所有事实推理都基于经验。
That's a summary of the part one argument where Hume says that all factual inferences is found on experience.
大卫·休谟讲了这么个故事：有个人被关在一个铁笼子里悬在高塔上。
David Hume tells the story of a man who is hung out of a high tower in a cage of iron.
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