红矮星和褐矮星比我们的太阳更小、更冷，且不会发出明亮的光芒。
Red and brown dwarfs are smaller and cooler than our Sun and do not shine brightly.
当一颗白矮星以这种方式增长到足够的质量时，它将达到钱德拉·塞卡极限。
When a White Dwarf takes on enough mass in this manner, it reaches a level called the chandrasekhar limit.
而红矮星，可以燃烧成百上千亿年。
Red dwarfs, meanwhile, burn for hundreds of billions of years.
成百上千个褐矮星仍等待着确认身份。
Hundreds of possible brown dwarfs are out there awaiting confirmation.
目前白矮星的理论模型不能模拟这种行为。
Our current theoretical models of white dwarfs don't predict this sort of behavior.
有一类白矮星的大气层几乎完全由纯氦气构成。
One class of white dwarfs has almost pure helium atmospheres.
格利泽581是一颗红矮星距离地球20.5光年。
这些夭折恒星(指棕矮星)的起源是个谜。
棕矮星是一种气体球，它们的质量仅是木星的几十倍。
Brown dwarfs are balls of gas whose mass is generally dozens of times that of Jupiter.
矮星系也许比螺旋状星系含有更多的暗物质。
The dwarf galaxies may have even a higher amount of dark matter than spiral galaxies.
这部小说像一个白矮星，通篇篇幅大却又缜密。
问题在于矮星系并没有它们本应具有的冷暗物质的密度。
The problem is that dwarf galaxies are not as dense as the cold dark matter model says they should be.
有可能，他说，强烈的吸收信号并不表明矮星的大量存在。
It's possible, he notes, that the strong absorption signals don't indicate a very large population of the dwarfs.
一些“希克森紧致星群31 ”的矮星群正在缓慢的聚合。
Several of the dwarf galaxies in the Hickson Compact Group 31 are slowly merging.
白矮星的质量只有以前的一半，体积很小，因此非常致密。
A White Dwarf retains about half of its mass but becomes incredibly dense because of its small size.
不过并不是所有的白矮星都有耐性等上无数个千年。
But not all white dwarfs will spend many millennia cooling their heels.
而且研究人员发现，这些星系的红矮星数量比银河多20倍。
And they discovered that these galaxies were home to 20 times as many red dwarfs as there are in the Milky Way.
很早之前就预言了这些矮星的存在，但最近才在太空中发现它们。
These dwarfs had long been predicted to exist, but they have only recently been spotted in space.
这类白矮星中有着重元素痕迹者，大多也会有氢的痕迹。
Among this group, most of those with traces of heavy elements also have traces of hydrogen.
不仅如此，若项目设计精妙，它可能也能访问附近的红矮星比邻星。
Moreover, given ingenious mission design, it might be possible to visit the nearby red dwarf star Proxima Centauri as well.
这张是褐矮星相对地球、木星、低质量恒星和太阳的对比图。
This diagram shows a brown dwarf in relation to Earth, Jupiter, a low-mass star and the sun.
寻找围绕红矮星运转的行星则相对容易，因为恒星的体积较小。
Looking for planets orbiting red dwarfs is easier because the stars are less massive.
矮星系之间的如此遭遇通常发生在几十亿光年之外，也就是几十亿年之前。
Such encounters between dwarf galaxies are normally seen billions of light-years away and therefore occurred billions of years ago.
而白矮星则是将其曾用作核燃料的所有氢原子都燃烧殆尽的恒星。
White dwarfs are stars that have burned up all of the hydrogen they once used as nuclear fuel.
这颗恒星是褐矮星――像其他恒星一样，外部由尘埃和气体云构成。
The star is a brown dwarf - and formed, like other stars, out of a cloud of dust and gas.
相反，来自双白矮星并合的超新星产生的X射线辐射要比吸积少很多。
A supernova from a merger of two white dwarfs, on the other hand, would create significantly less X-ray emission than the accretion scenario.
红矮星和褐矮星和我们的太阳比起来既小且冷，且不会发出明亮的光芒。
Red and brown dwarfs are smaller and cooler than our Sun, and do not shine brightly.
这颗和我们太阳类似的恒星，已经安然逝去并演变成了一颗密实的白矮星。
The star, which was similar to our sun, had died peacefully and turned into a dense White Dwarf.
这颗和我们太阳类似的恒星，已经安然逝去并演变成了一颗密实的白矮星。
The star, which was similar to our sun, had died peacefully and turned into a dense White Dwarf.
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