In response to this, smallholders have developed strategies for (ex ante) risk management and (ex post) risk coping.
为此，小农制定了(事前)风险管理和(事后)风险应对战略。
Most trees are owned by around 900, 000 smallholders who often scale back on insecticides when their costs rise, as they did in 2008.
大部分的可可树归人数约为900000的小农户所有。一旦杀虫剂等物品价格上涨，他们就会相应的减少用量(以保持成本不增加)，正如2008年他们所做的那样。
Tens of millions of smallholders have invested in their own pumps so that they can extract water from shallow aquifers whenever they choose.
上千万的小农户自己出资买水泵，以便随时从浅表水层中抽水。
Only 4% of farmland in sub-Saharan Africa is irrigated, which means that most farmers, especially smallholders, rely on rainfall to feed their crops.
撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲大陆只有百分之四的农田得到灌溉。这就意味着大部分农民，尤其是小块土地的经营者，都是靠天吃饭。
Later, once the advancing deserts were halted, smallholders started harvesting and selling lumber for a living, while keeping the sheltering greenbelts in place.
后来，治沙取得成功，小农开始以采收和销售木材作为生计，同时维护绿色防护带。
Marx put forward a systematical discussion on the characteristics of smallholders.
马克思对小农的特点进行了系统的论述。
Over the next couple of generations, many such smallholders will give way to larger, industrial farms, which are generally better at managing the risk of spreading plagues.
在今后的数十年内，许多这样的小农场将被大型工业化农场所代替，这些大型农场一般能更好的控制瘟疫散播的危险。
Around Kabiyet, Western Seed Company, a small outfit that develops its own varieties of maize for smallholders, doubled production in 2010 and still sold out two months early.
Kabiyet附近，西方种子公司是一家公司，为小农户提供自己的玉米品种，2010年的产量增加一倍，提前两个月就卖光了。
The Bank is working on irrigation and water management in Ethiopia, fertilizer use in Malawi, market access for smallholders in Senegal, and crop diversification in Mali and Uganda.
世行正在进行的工作包括埃塞俄比亚的灌溉和水务管理、马拉维的化肥使用、塞内加尔小农户的市场利用、以及马里和乌干达的农作物多元化。
A survey by the World Bank showed that in the Amhara region of Ethiopia, only 16 of 46 projects were working as intended (the rest lay fallow or had been rented back to smallholders).
一项由世界银行的调查显示，在埃塞俄比亚的阿姆·哈拉地区，46个项目中只有16个按照预定的计划在进行(其余的土地进行休耕或者是被小农又租回去)。
A survey by the World Bank showed that in the Amhara region of Ethiopia, only 16 of 46 projects were working as intended (the rest lay fallow or had been rented back to smallholders).
一项由世界银行的调查显示，在埃塞俄比亚的阿姆·哈拉地区，46个项目中只有16个按照预定的计划在进行(其余的土地进行休耕或者是被小农又租回去)。
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