In response to this, smallholders have developed strategies for (ex ante) risk management and (ex post) risk coping.

为此，小农制定了(事前)风险管理和(事后)风险应对战略。

youdao

Most trees are owned by around 900, 000 smallholders who often scale back on insecticides when their costs rise, as they did in 2008.

大部分的可可树归人数约为900000的小农户所有。一旦杀虫剂等物品价格上涨，他们就会相应的减少用量(以保持成本不增加)，正如2008年他们所做的那样。

youdao

Tens of millions of smallholders have invested in their own pumps so that they can extract water from shallow aquifers whenever they choose.

上千万的小农户自己出资买水泵，以便随时从浅表水层中抽水。

youdao

He says smallholders can become big business.

VOA: standard.2010.03.29

Indeed, it is not unusual for foreign investors to pay less tax than local smallholders.

ECONOMIST: The surge in land deals

Most smallholders refused to budge, and the government chose not to pursue the matter.

ECONOMIST: Reassuring the little coffee growers proves hard

Much of the coffee land farmed by smallholders could, by law, be claimed by the state.

ECONOMIST: Reassuring the little coffee growers proves hard