最后给出了平差待估参数与观测值真误差之间的微分关系，由此即可导出平差待估参数的协方差阵。
At last gives the differential relationships between the unknown parameters and the true errors of the observations. These relationships can be used to evaluate the precision of the estimations.
首先分析真误差与残差的关系，并以此关系为基础，提出一种新的、有特色的多维粗差探测与定位方法。
Based on the relation between true error and residual error, the author puts forward a characteristic method for detecting and locating multidimensional gross errors.
结合附合导线平差过程，文中用真误差分析方法推导了起始方位角误差对附合导线平差结果的影响公式；通过分析与数据计算，得到了起始方位角误差对平差后导线点坐标和导线边方位角的影响规律；
By its adjustment procedure, the effect formula of initial-bearing's error on adjustments of a straight and equal-side connecting traverse are introduced with the method of true error analysis.
这些处理方法自身都存在一定的缺陷，使得拟合结果与物体表面真温之间存在一定的误差。
There are some shortages in these methods, resulting in a certain error between the fitting result and the true temperature of the object surface.
利用强度频率混合调制模型研究了基于色散器件的光真延时线中色散导致的延时误差的变化规律。
The variation of chromatic dispersion induced delay time error of the true time delay line based on dispersive devices is investigated using an intensity-frequency modulating model.
本导则的着眼点是在测量结果及其评定的不确定度上，而不是不可知量“真”值和误差。
E. 5.1 the focus of this Guide is on the measurement result and its evaluated uncertainty rather than on the unknowable quantities "true" value and error.
本文论述了铁路上常用的太阳高度法测定天体真方位角各类误差的影响。
In this paper, all kinds of error's influence was expounded of the sun altitude method often used on the railway upon determining heavenly body azimuth.
基于对延时误差的分析，研究了色散对系统性能的限制，为光真延时线的设计提供了理论参考。
According to the delay time error, dispersion induced limitation on the system performances is analyzed. The results are good references to design the optical true time delay lines.
基于对延时误差的分析，研究了色散对系统性能的限制，为光真延时线的设计提供了理论参考。
According to the delay time error, dispersion induced limitation on the system performances is analyzed. The results are good references to design the optical true time delay lines.
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