真误差是观测值与其真值或应有值之差。在测量中采用一定的仪器、工具和方法，对各种地物、地貌的几何要素进行量测，通过量测获得的数据称为观测值；被量测的几何要素的真实值称为真值。
最后给出了平差待估参数与观测值真误差之间的微分关系，由此即可导出平差待估参数的协方差阵。
At last gives the differential relationships between the unknown parameters and the true errors of the observations. These relationships can be used to evaluate the precision of the estimations.
首先分析真误差与残差的关系，并以此关系为基础，提出一种新的、有特色的多维粗差探测与定位方法。
Based on the relation between true error and residual error, the author puts forward a characteristic method for detecting and locating multidimensional gross errors.
结合附合导线平差过程，文中用真误差分析方法推导了起始方位角误差对附合导线平差结果的影响公式；通过分析与数据计算，得到了起始方位角误差对平差后导线点坐标和导线边方位角的影响规律；
By its adjustment procedure, the effect formula of initial-bearing's error on adjustments of a straight and equal-side connecting traverse are introduced with the method of true error analysis.
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