Is the cause of PTSD simply a traumatic event?
1ptsd是单纯由创伤事件引发的么？
The prognosis of PTSD differs from individual to individual.
PTSD的预后因人而异。
Paula Schnurr: The first thing is that, not all soldiers have PTSD.
宝拉·施努尔：首先，并不是所有的士兵都患有创伤后应激障碍。
In soldiers diagnosed with PTSD, some of the changes are long-lasting.
在被确诊患有PTSD的士兵中，有些变化是持久性的。
Combat veterans being treated for PTSD recall similar sensory distortions.
战场归来后接受PTSD治疗的退伍军人也反映出类似的感官歪曲。
Medication can help to control the symptoms of PTSD.
药物治疗可以帮助控制PTSD症状。
People with PTSD often can't stop thinking about what happened to them.
PTSD患者通常都无法阻止自己去回想曾经发生的事情。
Doctors can't diagnose PTSD until symptoms have persisted for at least a month.
只有症状持续至少一个月医生才能诊断创伤后应激障碍。
For these men, Poulin said, chronic stress is probably a bigger concern than PTSD.
保林说，对这些人来说，长期的压力或许比创伤后应激障碍更重要。
I know this is true because I was also afraid to seek treatment for PTSD in Afghanistan.
我知道这是事实，因为在阿富汗时，我也为是否寻医治疗PTSD心存疑虑。
Although PTSD begins after a traumatic event, other factors also play an important role.
虽然PTSD往往是在创伤事件后发生，但其他因素也会有重要影响。
They've been required to produce evidence proving that a specific event caused their PTSD.
他们被要求提供证据来证明某一特定事件导致了他们的PTSD。
Shifting from one mode to the other may differentiate people with PTSD from their healthy peers.
大脑在两种模式间的转换或许能区分PTSD患者与正常人。
It is useful for trauma survivors to learn more about trauma and PTSD and how it may affect them.
了解创伤、创伤后应激障碍的含义及对幸存者的影响，对灾难幸存者来说非常有用。
PTSD has often been misunderstood or misdiagnosed, even though the disorder has very specific symptoms.
PTSD常被误解或误诊，即使此种障碍有着非常特定的症状。
"PTSD is the anxiety disorder of our time ... unfortunately produced by man-made circumstances, " he said.
专门从事创伤后压力症研究的心理学家约瑟夫·皮罗内博士说：“创伤后压力症是属于我们这个时代的焦虑症……不幸的是，它是由人为因素造成的。
The researchers suggest the finding has implications for the treatment of patients with panic disorder or PTSD.
研究人员认为，这项发现对治疗恐慌症和创伤后应激障碍患者有临床意义。
In contrast, the women with PTSD showed significant evidence of immune activation compared to women without PTSD.
相反，在女性PTSD患者与对照组比较中，发现免疫激活的证据。
There is also no such thing as a trauma-prone person, making it hard to predict who will ultimately succumb to PTSD.
同时没有易创型人格这种说法，这使得很难预测谁最终会患上创伤后压力症。
Those with mild TBI developed PTSD, panic disorder, agoraphobia, or social phobia twice as often as those with no TBI.
患有轻度创伤性脑损伤的患者与无轻度创伤性脑损伤的患者相比，有两倍的PTSD，惊恐性障碍，广场恐怖症或社交恐惧症的患病几率。
The researchers found no evidence of increased immune activation among the men with PTSD compared to those without PTSD.
研究者们发现，在男性PTSD患者与对照组比较，没有发现增加免疫激活的证据。
Or take a veteran with PTSD who develops severe anxiety when out in public terrified that something bad is going to happen.
我们再举一个例子，一个患有创伤后应激障碍的退伍老兵，每当在公共场合都会产生严重的焦虑，害怕会有糟糕的事情发生。
Or take a veteran with PTSD who develops severe anxiety when out in public, terrified that something bad is going to happen.
我们再举一个例子，一个患有创伤后应激障碍的退伍老兵，每当在公共场合都会产生严重的焦虑，害怕会有糟糕的事情发生。
Like those with PTSD, people experiencing depression also show an enhanced processing for negative stimuli (Ingram et al., 1994).
就像那些创伤后应激障碍患者一样，抑郁症患者也对负面刺激表现出一种放大处理(Ingram等人，1994)。
They added that in people with PTSD, the right hemisphere was overactive even when individuals were not reliving a traumatic experience.
他们补充说，即使PTSD患者本人并没有回忆受创伤的经历，他们大脑的右半球仍过度活跃。
The subjects with PTSD had much faster reaction times to those intermediate cues, implying that overgeneralization may be a marker for PTSD.
PTSD研究对象对那些中度信号反应更快，这意味着过度概括或许是PTSD患者的一大区分标志。
CONCLUSION: It is very important to study various psychological responses after trauma and symptoms of PTSD for clinical traumatic patients.
结论：研究创伤后的各种心理反应及创伤后应激障碍的症状对于临床创伤患者具有非常重要的意义。
In another talk, National Institute of Mental Health researcher Shmuel Lissek, Ph.D., reported on research relating fear conditioning to PTSD.
在另一次会谈中，国家精神健康研究所研究员ShmuelLissek博士谈到了恐惧条件作用与PTSD的相关研究。
And while some or all of these symptoms are common after terrible things happen, symptoms have to last for at least a month to qualify as PTSD.
这些症状在糟糕的事情发生后很常见，但必须持续至少一个月才能称作创伤后应激障碍。
Predicting exactly who will succumb to PTSD after a trauma is hard to do. Having a history of anxiety or depression seems to up a person's risk.
准确预测谁会患上创伤后应激障碍并不容易，有焦虑史或抑郁史的人患病风险较高。
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