Nowak hopes that his model will guide experiments.
Nowak 希望他的模型能指导实验的进行。
Now Nowak is out to do it again, this time by modeling the origin of life.
现在Nowak尝试把它再做一遍，而这一次，是为生命的起源建模。
"Hardware is not the major expense from an IT standpoint -- it's less than 15% of our budget, " Nowak says.
“从IT的角度来看，硬件不是主要的花销。它只占不到我们15%的预算”瓦克说。
Katarzyna Nowak, a researcher at Princeton who was one of the authors of the piece in Science, seems to agree.
卡塔兹娜·诺瓦克是普林斯顿的一个研究人员，也是前边提到的文章的作者之一，她似乎同意这一观点。
Nowak et al. have analyzed the origins of the hair follicle stem cell niche in developing mice.
Nowak 等已经分析了尚未成年的鼠的毛囊干细胞微环境的起源。
As Nowak has shown, all that's necessary for life to emerge are molecules subject to forces of selection and mutation.
如同诺瓦克所阐述的，生命的出现，只需要分子服从选择和变异的力量。
Nowak refers to them as monomers, which, in his system, randomly and spontaneously assemble into binary strings of information.
Nowak 把它们称为单体，在他的系统里，它们随机自发地组装成代表信息的二进制串。
But Nowak says his model shows there can be selection prior to replication-which means that maybe there is selection for replication.
但Nowak说，他的模型表明选择可以先于复制——这意味着可能存在对复制的选择。
The popular belief was that costly punishment would promote cooperation between two equals, but Nowak and his colleagues proved the theory wrong.
人们普遍认为，代价昂贵的惩罚将有助于两个平等个体之间的合作，但Nowak和他的同事们却证明了这是不对的。
Nowak has been busy working on how to whittle down the emergence of life into the simplest possible chemical system that he can describe mathematically.
Nowak一直在忙着思考如何简化生命出现的过程，直至他有可能用数学描述这个最简单的化学系统。
Trained as a biochemist, the 43-year-old Nowak believes that mathematics is the "true language of science" and the key to unlocking the secrets of the past.
生物化学专业出身、现年43岁的Nowak相信数学是“科学真正的语言”，也是能解开过去秘密的钥匙。
"We have to work with our operator partners," says Nowak. "We would prefer to give consumers a choice or put the pre-loaded in a separate store as it is with some Verizon phones."
“我们必须与我们的服务商伙伴合作，”Nowak说，“我们更希望让消费者进行选择，或者将预装软件放在另一个应用商店里，就像一些Verizon手机上那样。”
"Costly punishment," the type of punitive behavior studied by Nowak and his colleagues, refers to situations where a punisher is willing to incur a cost in order to penalize someone else.
“昂贵的惩罚，”这种被诺瓦克和他的团队研究的特定类型的惩罚行为，指的是处罚者愿意花费一定的成本来惩罚另外一些人的行为。
"Costly punishment," the type of punitive behavior studied by Nowak and his colleagues, refers to situations where a punisher is willing to incur a cost in order to penalize someone else.
“昂贵的惩罚，”这种被诺瓦克和他的团队研究的特定类型的惩罚行为，指的是处罚者愿意花费一定的成本来惩罚另外一些人的行为。
应用推荐