Silent genes accumulate random mutations, they reasoned, eventually rendering them useless.
他们推断，沉默基因积累随机突变，最终使它们变得无用。
Founder mutations are a class of disease-causing genetic mutations, each derived from its own ancestral "founder" in whom the mutation originated.
创始者突变是一类引起疾病的基因突变，每一种都源自其自身祖先的“创始者”。
Heritable mutations of ALAS2 gene are responsible for the human X-linked sideroblastic anemia.
ALAS2基因的可遗传突变是人类X连锁铁粒幼细胞性贫血的原因。
Those mutations happen all the time.
这样的突变时刻都在发生。
However, most mutations are deleterious.
然而，大多数突变是有害的。
They look at mutations as kind of a random event.
他们认为突变是一种随机的事件。
The mutations appear to occur sporadically and spontaneously.
变异似是偶发和自发的。
But white tigers are rare genetic mutations, not a different species.
但白虎仅仅是一种罕见的遗传变异，而不是一个不同的品种。
About 30 percent of human lung cancer patients have mutations in Kras.
大约30%的人类肺癌病人有Kras突变。
Those mutations had little effect on how the receptor grabbed hormones.
这些突变对受体如何结合激素没有影响。
The next pandemic will occur through adaptive mutations [in the virus].
陈冯富珍说：“下一场大流行将通过[病毒的]适应性突变而发生。
Virus from one of the patients shows mutations at the receptor-binding site.
来自患者之一的病毒显示在受体结合部位突变。
There they were: signal noise, mutations, executive function, self-organization.
看看这些术语：信号噪声、突变、执行功能、自我组织。
Had a few, fateful mutations changed an innocuous chimp virus into a human killer?
是一些决定性的突变让这种良性的猩猩病毒变身为人类杀手的吗？
Most of these mutations are known as "passengers" and cause damage but not cancer.
这些突变基因中的大部分被认为是“乘客”，它们虽会造成破坏，却并不直接致癌。
But the prevailing view has long been that cancer is the result of genetic mutations.
但是盛行的观点一直认为癌症是基因突变的结果。
Sure enough, the nine family members with no fingerprints had mutations in that gene.
可以确定，这个家族中9个无指纹的人该基因发生了变异。
Viruses can also cause genetic mutations when they integrate themselves into human DNA.
病毒整合进人类DNA时也会导致基因突变。
But two patients with the same type of cancer might have only five mutations in common.
但是两个同患一种癌症的病人可能只有5种相同的变异。
Many mutations do not alter any important features of the virus or the illness it causes.
许多变异对病毒本身或病毒所造成的疾病的任何重要特征不会带来影响。
Subsequent genome analysis revealed numerous mutations in the DNA of the adapted bacteria.
随后的染色体组分析显示，被改造细菌的DNA中存在大量的变异。
Two of the mutations involved are also known to cause a rare disease called mucolipidosis.
涉及到的两种基因突变也能引起一种罕见的疾病——粘脂糖症。
"Exome sequencing has a lot of advantages for the discovery of rare mutations," said Wang.
“外显子组测序在稀有突变的发现上有很多优势，”Wang表示。
However, these minor "mutations" cannot change what the virus does, only what it looks like.
尽管如此，这些小型的“突变”并不能改变病毒的行为，而仅仅是它的外表。
A cell becomes cancerous when the genes that stop runaway growth are sabotaged by mutations.
我们知道，当阻止生长失控的基因遭到突变的破坏之后，细胞就会产生癌变。
The four-year study involved about two thousand five hundred women with the genetic mutations.
有2500名基因突变的女性参与了该项为期四年的研究。
They did this by genetically modifying mice to make them prone to passing on genetic mutations.
他们是通过将老鼠基因改造使其更易于传递基因突变达到这个效果的。
But the viruses can cause mutations scientists don't want, and in some cases, they cause cancer.
但是病毒会导致科学家们不愿意看到的变异，在某些情形中，它们甚至会引发癌症。
But the viruses can cause mutations scientists don't want, and in some cases, they cause cancer.
但是病毒会导致科学家们不愿意看到的变异，在某些情形中，它们甚至会引发癌症。
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