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They often involve networks of reactions, not just one enzyme but a series of enzymes that serve to amplify each other.
这些反应通常包括一个反应网络,不只是一种酶,而是一系列的酶来进行级联放大
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So, she is interested in how this molecule, gemcitabine, inhibits an enzyme. So, to do those studies, she needs to know a lot of the stuff on this list.
她对这个分子，二氟脱氧胞嘧啶核苷怎么抑制酶很感兴趣，要做这些研究。
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These are molecules that exist naturally in cell membranes and are activated by certain enzymes and kinases generated by receptors.
这些分子存在于细胞膜表面,能被受体激活的某种酶或激酶所活化
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Enzymes, thyroid, etc., the abs, the serotonin, you can pick some part of the body.
比如,酶,甲状腺素等等,还有生物素,血清素,你也可以选择身体的某一部位来写
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Only cells in your brain make the enzymes that produce certain neuron transmitters that are responsible for brain function.
只有脑细胞产生,促进神经传导的相关酶,由此维持大脑功能
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Or you could ask the question, I have this restriction enzyme, at what regions on this plasmid will it cut?
你也可以这样问,我的这种限制性内切酶,会从质粒的哪个区域切开呢
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I apply ligase, and I've got the plasmid that I had before but now with my gene, colored green here,inserted.
我用连接酶,就能在质粒中把基因,这里绿色的部分,插进去
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There's a way to actually grind down and prepare the flour, so that you promote the enzymes within the plant to breakdown the cyanide precursors.
有一种方法是将它们磨碎，做成粉，这样就可以促进它们本身带有,酶将氰化物的前驱体分解掉。
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You then denature again, each one of these strands gets separated, primers bind, turn on the polymerase, a new strand is made.
然后你可以再次使产物链变性,使各链解旋,再结合引物,激活聚合酶,再生成新链
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That doesn't heal naturally but can be reformed by other enzymes called ligases, ligases re-established the phosphate bonds.
这不能恢复如初,但用连接酶可以做到这一点,连接酶能重建磷酸键
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She needs to know this enzyme works by both acid base chemistry, and oxidation reduction.
她要知道酶催化，她需要知道这种酶,在酸碱环境下的反应和氧化还原反应。
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Of course, she needs to know the basic principles, but she's also talking about it an enzyme, so she needs to know about enzyme catalysis.
她需要知道这表上的许多东西，当然她需要知道到这些基本原理，她研究的是一种酶。
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Here the unique thing was that there's a restriction site inside that is present in normal DNA and not present in sickle DNA.
刚才例子中,特性就是在正常的基因中,有酶切位点,而在患者的基因中却没有
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In this case, this particular restriction enzyme cuts symmetrically like this, but not at the same point.
在我们这种情况下,这个限制性内切酶总是这样对称地切割,但两条链切割的位点不一样
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That's an example of symmetric sequence and it happens that most restriction enzymes also recognize those spaces.
这是一个对称序列的例子,大多数限制性内切酶都能识别这些序列
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This restriction enzyme was found in a natural source, it was found in a micro-organism called E.coli.
这个限制性内切酶源于自然界,是从名为大肠杆菌的微生物中发现的
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So, that's kinetics -- how fast a reaction will go, and from the perspective of someone who's a biochemist, I'm interested in kinetics and enzyme kinetics, and thinking about molecules that catalyze reactions in the body.
所以这就是动力学，一个反应发生的有多快,从一个生物化学家的角度,我喜欢研究动力学,酶动力学。
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Now we know so much about these, they've turned out to be so useful in biotechnology.
现在我们对限制性内切酶了解这么深入,它们在生物技术方面又这么有用
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Cutting involves enzymes called restriction endonucleases or restriction enzymes, which I've already mentioned and they have names.
切割用到的酶叫限制性核酸内切酶,或限制性内切酶,我已经提到过了,而且它们都有名字
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This is - there are also other receptors that are linked to other enzymes besides kinases.
除了激酶以外,还有很多其他的受体,与酶相偶联
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Because that's the temperature at which many of the molecules in our bodies operate at their most efficient, and enzymes is the best example of that.
因为在正常体温下,体内许多分子活性最高,酶就是其中最好的例子
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They do that in a very special way in that they - restriction enzymes are able to identify a particular sequence of bases in a gene.
限制性内切酶的工作机制很特别,它能识别基因中的一段特定的碱基序列
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You took biology in high school, you learned the names of these organelles and their principle functions, the nucleus, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes.
你们高中学过生物,学过这些细胞器的名称,和基本功能,细胞核,内质网,高尔基体,线粒体,溶酶体
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There are whole catalogs that you go to and buy restriction enzymes.
我们已经可以从整本的目录上,挑选购买限制性内切酶
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This takes advantage of the very specific properties of restriction enzymes.
这利用了限制酶的独特性质
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Polymerase needs a primer and that turns out to be important.
聚合酶需要引物,这点非常重要
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That cutting is done by special proteins called restriction enzymes.
切割是由一种特别的蛋白质完成的,称为限制性内切酶
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Enzymes work best, enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions and our bodies operate by elaborate networks of chemical reactions, When we're off from that temperature then they don't work properly.
举酶这个例子再好不过,酶是一种具有催化作用的蛋白质,人体依靠精密复杂的化学反应网络来运转,如果我们体温与之相差较大,这些酶就不能正常工作
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So, these are receptors, for example, that bind the ligand and then liberate an enzyme which promotes some sort of reaction inside the cell, often it's kinases but doesn't have to be.
例如,这里是受体,与配体相结合,激活一种酶,这种酶能够催化细胞内的某些反应,这些酶通常都是激酶,但不全是
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Now you've heard about reverse transcriptase someplace before,right?
你们听说过反转录酶吧
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