Sometimes subtle changes in the structure of a protein can convert it from an active state into an inactive state.

有时蛋白质结构上一些很小的变化,就能将其由激活态转变为非激活态

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So, the neural structures change radically as babies kind of get rid of excess neurons through development.

由于婴儿在发展过程中,会清除掉许多多余神经元,因此神经结构会发生急速的变化

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Sometimes that subtle change can lead to a big change in the function of the protein.

有时候,蛋白质在结构上的小小改变,会导致其功能发生巨大变化

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You've irreversibly changed that substance because you've changed the structure of all the proteins inside.

蛋白质的结构发生不可逆的变化,因为蛋白质内部的全部结构都改变了

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Well, imagine if that change in structure could be switched on and off by addition of a phosphorous; and in fact it can in many proteins.

那么,想象一下,只需引入磷酸基团,就能导致蛋白质的结构发生变化,事实上很多蛋白质就是如此

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There might be these, what are called epigenetic differences that I mentioned changes in the structure around DNA, and those changes lead to differences in which fraction of the total genes in the chromosomes are being expressed by a particular cell.

可能存在的差异,叫做表观遗传差异,我之前说过的DNA结构上的变化,而这些变化导致,在特定细胞中,染色体组的全部基因中,只有一部分表达出来

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选