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So, and of course, you know, keeping entropy as a fixed variable for a system like that is extremely cumbersome.
所以，对这样的系统要求它们的熵保持恒定,和一个非常笨拙做法。
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So what they do is, they're describing how these thermodynamic properties change, in terms of only state functions and state variables.
他们的作用是描述,随着状态函数和状态变量的变化，系统的热力性质如何变化。
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So, if you look at any engineering system, the performance of that engineering system is a function of its design and its construction.
如果你们观察过工程系统，工程系统的性能就是,它的设计和构造的功能。
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Normally, we do these things to keep an equilibrium among the different systems of the unconscious, but sometimes it doesn't work.
一般来说，我们会运用这些机制,去维持无意识系统的平衡，但有时防御机制也会不起作用。
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They don't necessarily represent in a systematic fashion Plato's worked out axiomatic views about the nature of philosophy.
它们不一定是很系统的,不是说柏拉图已经,提出了一套系统的哲学自然理论
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Default rates are shooting up and valuation of securitized subprime mortgages have crashed and it's throwing turmoil all over the financial community.
违约率飞速上升,对于次级抵押贷款的估值也失效了,这还导致了整个金融系统的混乱
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It's a biological system that you've engineered from taking cells from one organism and cloning them and developing a whole other organism.
所谓生物系统的工程化,就是从一种生物体内中取出细胞并克隆,将它们培养成为另一个有机整体
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So in fact what happens inside of an object-oriented system, and particularly in init Python's object-oriented system, is the following.
面向对象系统的内部,尤其是在Python的面向，对象系统的内部的过程,就是如下的，当我们调用，它会去创建一个实例。
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Now, there are two things that she is left with, in the passage I just read: that sense of San Narciso being all of America, and, moreover, of it being constituted of "storm systems of group suffering and need."
在我刚刚读过的文章中，她留下了两件事：,一是圣弗朗西斯科：,就是整个美国的感觉，二是它作为,“人们承受而，又需要的风暴系统“的一部分“
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And that's also how people find ways to break the second law, because somehow they've messed up on what their system is.
这就说明了某些人是如何想到办法,“打破“第二定律的，因为他们以各种方式搞错了,他们的系统的定义。
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Yet, the temperature goes up. So, I can have a temperature change which is an adiabatic temperature change.
它与外界不会，有物质或者能量的流动,然而系统的温度升高了。
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The radius of the orbit, the energy of the system and the velocity of the electron, I am just going to present you the solutions.
是轨道的半径，系统的能量,以及电子的速度，我接下来会给你们讲解其方程的解法。
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The amount of work you've put in to get here depends on the path. It's not a function of state.
这些量就能,决定系统的状态了。
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And the equation of state, pressure versus volume at constant temperature, is going to have some form, let's just draw it in there like that.
系统的态函数，恒温下压强比体积，变化曲线，就像这样。
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I have shown that by taking Avogadro's number of individual ion pairs and putting them all together in a line, the system's energy became more negative.
我推导出了,从每一个离子对中抽出阿伏加德罗常数,再把它们放在一起在一列中，这个系统的能量就变得更负。
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I mean we can, we can sort of understand why OK, the total energy, if we measure it, we measure a process which is not reversible.
例如我们易于理解为什么，当试图测量一个不可逆系统的总能量，给出的或许。
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If you have the number of moles and two intensive variables, then you know everything there is to know about the system.
如果你有摩尔数,和两个强度量，你就能知道关于这个系统的一切,关于系统的平衡态的一切。
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These are primarily communication systems which act to allow your other organ systems to work in concert.
正是这些基本的通讯系统,保证了体内各系统的协调工作
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If you get a flu that affects your intestinal system then those viruses are infecting gut cells.
而影响肠道系统的流感病毒,就可以感染肠道细胞
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You just need a few macroscopic variables that are very familiar to you, like the pressure, the temperature, the volume, the number of moles of each component, the mass of the system.
你只需要某些你非常熟悉的宏观变量,比如压强，温度，体积，每个组分的摩尔数，系统的质量。
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The first thing we are going to do is describe the energy of the system.
首先我们要做的,是描述这个系统的能量。
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I imagine that what a Freudian would have to say is, you would expect systematic differences.
我猜精神分析的支持者会说，你会看到系统的差异。
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There's a whole class of antagonistic drugs that have been designed to influence your cardiovascular system.
现有一大类的拮抗剂类药物,全部是设计作用于心血管系统的
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The response to the second exposure in antigen is different in a couple of ways.
第二次接触相同抗原,免疫系统的应答,在以下几个方面是不同的
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We're not going to do that in a Robin Hood way, but in finance we're going to do that in a systematic way through risk management.
我们不能像罗宾汉那样来达到那样的目的,但在金融领域,我们将通过,系统的风险管理来实现
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We are designing systems, building engineering systems, making materials choices.
我们在设计系统，构建工程的系统，提供更多的材料。
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Now it's different in important ways because it's really focused at preventing the collapse of the economy that is created by a financial system failure.
现在，这个不同有很重要的意义,因为它真正专注于,阻止被金融系统的失败而引发的,经济的崩溃。
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You're going to have to know when you describe the system, if your system is homogeneous, like your coffee with milk in it, or heterogeneous like water with an ice cube in it So heterogeneous means that you've got different phases in your system.
你要知道,当你描述一个系统时，你的系统是均匀的呢，像掺了牛奶的咖啡，那样还是非均匀的，像放了冰块的水,非均匀系统就是说,在你的系统中有不同的相存在。
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Once we've made some generalizations about language in this narrow sense, we could then ask, and we will ask, to what extent do other systems such as animal communication systems relate to this narrower definition.
一旦我们在狭义上,得出了某些关于语言的概论,那我们就可以发问,诸如动物交流系统之类的其他系统,会在多大程度上,符合这个狭隘的定义呢
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We're going to talk about this kind of non-covalent interaction more when we talk about the immune system, because one example of ligand and receptors that's important in the immune system are antigens - foreign molecules, and antibodies - molecules that we produce.
当我们讲到免疫系统的时候,会更详细地谈到这种非共价化合反应,因为在免疫系统中,一个重要的配体受体结合反应,就是抗原,即外源分子,与抗体,这个人体自身产生的分子结合
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