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Between any neurons, between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another, there's a tiny gap.
在神经元之间,在一个神经元的轴突,和另一个神经元的树突之间,有一个细小的缝隙
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The axon is much longer than the dendrites and, in fact, some axons are many feet long.
轴突比树突长的多,实际上,一些轴突长达几英寸
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It goes from the region of the cell where the dendrites are down through the axon.
它从这个细胞的,树突顺流直下流向轴突
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Then that information - that integrated information is passed onto another cell through the axon.
然后信息 - 整合好的信息,通过轴突传递给下一个细胞
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Neurotransmitter release is stimulated by the electrical activity that reaches the end of the axon.
到达轴突末梢的电流变化,刺激了神经递质的释放
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There's an axon leading from your spinal cord to your big toe for instance.
比如,有的轴突能从你的脊髓,一直延伸到你的脚趾
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If this is the particular kind of axon that is 'myelinated', then it might have a layer of a special substance called myelin in sheathing the axon.
假设这是一种特殊的有髓鞘的轴突,它表面上会像鞘一样地包裹上一层,称为鞘磷脂的特殊物质
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And then if you get a certain number, plus 60 or something, the neuron will fire and it fires along the axon, the thing to the right.
如果达到了一定的数量,比如超过60之类的,神经元便会产生神经冲动,神经冲动沿轴突传递,右边的是轴突
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Some terminology, some of which I've already given you: cell body, dendrites, axons.
我已经教给你们一些术语了,比如说细胞体,树突,轴突
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Well, what happens when the signal gets to the end of the axon?
那当信号传导至轴突末端后又会发生什么
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Surrounding the axon is a myelin sheath, which is actually just insulation.
髓鞘将轴突包裹起来,实际上形成了一个绝缘层
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Information flows from the dendrites, through the cell body, down the axon.
信息从树突发出,穿过细胞体,传至轴突
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One of these processes, a special one is called the axon.
而突起中还有一个称为轴突的特殊突起
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This infinitesimal gap-- and this gap is known as a synapse-- and what happens is when a neuron fires, an axon sends chemicals shooting through the gap.
这个极小的缝隙,这个缝隙就叫做突触,当神经元产生神经冲动后,轴突会释放出能够穿透缝隙的化学物质
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Or in some cases they go to the dendrite of the neuron and they kind of put a paste over it so that the neurotransmitters can't connect.
有时这些药物会渗透到神经元的树突,这些药物就像是在树突上涂了一层涂料,使得神经递质无法将树突与轴突相连
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When an action potential comes down this pre-synaptic axon, when it reaches this point here, it sets off the process of these vesicles dumping their content into the synaptic cleft.
当动作电位到达轴突的突触前膜时,当到达这一点时 小泡就将其内含物,排放到突触间隙中去
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This process, which is shown schematically here, as a vesicle fusing with the cell membrane and then dropping its neurotransmitter only happens when an action potential reaches the end of the axon.
这一过程 扼要地展示在这里,小泡同细胞膜融合,释放其神经递质,这只发生在动作电位抵达轴突末梢时
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You want decisions to be made there so you need some additional mechanism for decision making at the point of contact between the axon of one cell and the dendrite of another.
而想要做出决定,在一个细胞的轴突和下一个细胞的树突,的连接点上 需要额外的决策机制
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another thing that you'd find if you looked inside the axon terminals of any of these pre-synaptic membranes, you'd find lots of vesicles or some membrane bound compartments that contain special chemicals called neurotransmitters.
如果你仔细观察,突触前膜的轴突末梢内部,你会发现很多小泡,即膜包被的结构,包含有称为神经递质的特殊化合物
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Well, one reason to do this is because on each post-synaptic neuron there might be many axons coming together at once, and each one might be generating a different kind of signal, through maybe even different neurotransmitters.
嗯 一个原因是在每个,突触后神经元上可能有,许多同时到达的轴突,每个都可能通过不同的神经递质,产生不同的信号
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Well, that specialized region - now in this diagram here, this is the axon of one cell, the first cell in a sequence and that axon meets the dendrite of another cell at a special region called a synapse.
图中这里的这一特定区域,是一个细胞的轴突,是这一列中的第一个细胞,而轴突,和另一个细胞的树突,在一个叫做突触的地方相遇
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If you could look inside a pre-synaptic axon terminal, you would find one of the characteristics is that it's loaded with these vesicles and they're just sitting there waiting to receive an action potential so that they can immediately dump their contents.
如果你能够一窥突触前的轴突末梢内部,你将会发现一个共同特征,神经递质都装载在小泡中,时刻准备着等待动作电位激活,以便迅速释放其内含物
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One is that there's a physical space in between the two cells, so the axon of what's called the pre-synaptic neuron, or the neuron that's bringing a signal into the synapse, the axon terminal is physically separated from the dendrite of the next cell.
一是两个细胞间有一定的物理空间,所谓的突触前神经元,也就是将信号传递到突触的神经元的,轴突的末梢,同下一个细胞的树突间被物理性分离开
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