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It deconvolves that reaction of sodium plus chlorine into elementary steps that are related to electron transfer and acquisition.
它将钠和氯的反应,分解成基本的步骤,这些步骤是直接与电子的转移和获得有关的。
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This cation is attracting the chloride next to it and it is repelling the sodium as the next nearest neighbor.
这一阳离子被邻近的氯离子所吸引,并排斥钠离子,因为这是其最邻近的离子。
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So, for example, for the chlorine case, we would say that the electron affinity for chlorine is actually positive 349 kilojoules per mole.
比如，以氯为例，我们可以说氯的电子亲和能,应该等于正的，349，千焦每摩尔。
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We talked about this reaction here where we had chloride ion in the gas phase plus sodium ion in the gas phase.
我们在讨论这一个反应,我们有气相的氯原子,与气相的钠原子接触。
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s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 Chlorine is 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5.
氯的电子结构是。
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We started with gaseous sodium to make gaseous sodium ion and gaseous atomic chlorine to make gaseous chloride ion through electron transfer.
我们从气态的钠开始,得到气态的钠离子,从气态的氯原子,通过电子转移得到氯离子。
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We've seen so far that we can have a neutral plus neutral sodium plus chlorine goes to cation plus anion.
到目前为止,我们得到了一个不带电的加一个不带电的,即钠加上氯，得到阳离子加阴离子。
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So now, let's get a sodium here, and the chloride ion next to it to the point where they are touching.
所以，我们要有一个钠离子，和氯离子放在,相互接触的一个点上。
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So why don't you tell me what the formal charge should be on the sulfur atom of thionyl chloride?
那么请大家来告诉我亚硫酰氯中,的硫原子应该有多少形式电荷？
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You'll notice that a lot of different kinds medications do you have chlorine in them, you'll see that c l group.
你会注意到很多不同类型的药物都含有氯,你会看到这类氯。
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actually our third, but the second one we're going to talk about in terms of formal charge, which is thionyl chloride.
实际上是第三个，但它是第二个,形式电荷的例子，也就是亚硫酰氯。
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Now, chlorine I have to do a little bit more heavy lifting here because chlorine starts as a diatomic molecule.
现在，对于氯,我将会做更多的说明,因为氯元素起初存在于双原子分子中。
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So just keep in mind when you do see the chlorine in these drugs, it's very different from the acid chloride.
因此只要记住当你在这些药物中发现氯的时候，它不会是酰氯就好了。
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When it breaks this bond, that chlorine atom, a free chlorine atom comes down and reacts, this is ozone, with the ozone in the upper atmosphere.
当它打破这个化学键，氯原子，一个自由的氯原子下来,和在大气层的上方的臭氧反应，这就是臭氧，在大气上层有臭氧。
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So chlorine, if we talk about it in terms of electron affinity, we would be writing that we're actually gaining an electron here, and getting the ion, c l minus.
那么，氯，如果我们要讨论它的电子亲和能，我们会假设它真的得到了,一个电子而变成离子，负一价的氯。
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So, we can put our sulfur in the middle, and then it doesn't really matter how we draw the rest of it, where we put our c l's versus where we put our oxygen.
那么，我们可以把硫放在中间，然后把其它的原子画在哪里就不重要了，把两个氯原子与一个氧原子放在哪里都行。
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He saw that if you take the atomic mass of chlorine, 2 add it to the atomic mass of iodine, divide by two, you get something that is really close to the atomic mass of bromine.
他看到，如果你将氯的原子质量，加上碘的原子质量，除以，得到的数将与,溴的原子质量很接近。
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I heard some people say one, and that's a good guess, remember they're actually sharing. So these two electrons, they belong to chlorine, they also belong to hydrogen, but they do, in fact, belong to chlorine as well.
我听到有些人说的是一个，这是个很好的猜测，但要记得它们其实是被共用的，因此有两个电子，它们属于氯，同时也属于氢，但实际上它们也属于氯。
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So again, we should be able to check all of our formal charges and make sure they add up to 0, which they do, and that makes sense, because we have a neutral atom in terms of thionyl chloride.
因此同样地，我们可以检验一下,我们所有的形式电荷是否正确,确保它们加起来等于零，而它们确实是这样，这是合理的，因为亚硫酰氯是一个中性原子。
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So, which atom would you expect to be in the center of a Lewis structure for thionyl chloride?
那么，大家认为那个原子应该在,亚硫酰氯的路易斯结构的中心位置呢？
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And, this one here, some of you might recognize, is dichlorodifluoromethane. It's also known as a CFC.
而且在这些当中有些你或许认识，是二氯二氟化碳，它也是众所周知的氟利昂。
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All right. So it's 7 that are in chlorine, it's the same as fluorine or any of the others in that row or in that group rather.
好，氯有七个，跟氟或者在那一列,的其它元素一样。
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And what it's used is to convert one type of group, what's called a carboxylic acid into another type of very reactive intermediate, which is called an acid chloride.
它被用来将一类被称作羧酸的化合物，转化成另外一类活性很高的反应中间体,也就是酰氯。
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That is to say I can now reroute that sodium plus chlorine reaction and go a different way, but I still end up with the same change in energy.
也就是说，我可以重新定义一种,钠与氯的反应途径,从另一种途径来实现反应，但是能量的变化过程相同。
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So, in other words, this c l minus is actually lower in energy than the reactants were.
也就是说，负一价氯离子,比原来的反应物的能量更低。
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And, here, I've got 17 protons in the nucleus.
对于氯，它的原子核里有17个质子。
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And there is this separation which is a balance of attractive forces because the chloride is net negative and the sodium is net positive, but both of them, regardless of net charge, have electrons.
这里有一个平衡,引力的平衡,由于氯离子带有负的净电荷,钠离子带有正的净电荷，但是它们两个，没有考虑净电荷，电子。
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How many bonding electrons does c l have? All right. Let's see, we've got a mixed response here, it turns out it has two bonding electrons.
氯有多少成键电子？好，让我们来看看，大家的回答不太一致，结果应该是两个成键电子。
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And we know that chlorine is very aggressive when it comes to electrons.
而且我们知道遇到电子时,氯是非常活泼的。
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This is the structure of Lunesta, and you see the c l in it as well.
这是鲁尼斯塔的结构图，大家可以看到这里也有氯。
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