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In this case here, our property is the value of the pressure times the volume, times the molar volume. That's the property.
或者电阻,对气体来说，它的特性是气体压强。
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The reason the entropy of the mixed gases is the highest is because that has the most possible configurations.
因为混合气体具有最多可能的状态,所以混合气体的熵最大。
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The first thing I have to do is give you understanding of the physics of the gas discharge tube.
首先要做的就是让你们理解,气体放电管的物理学原理。
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Versus looking at, for example, helium or neon or argon, these are all inert gases, inert meaning essentially do not react, those were grouped together in the periodic table.
相反，他发现氦，氖，氩，都是惰性气体，惰性的意思是基本不参与化学反应，因此把它们放在周期表中的同一类里。
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And typically, we'll be treating at least some cases where we're dealing with ideal gases in which case we can easily get delta u.
那么我们也可以定出功，对吧？,典型地，我们至少会处理,一些理想气体的情况。
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This needs to be stressed that this is the ideal gas case. Now regular gases, real gases fortunately as I said, don't obey this.
需要强调的是这是对理想气体而言的,普通气体，真实气体，就像我说过的,不遵循这个规律，这是非常重要的。
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Now, we saw before, or really I should say we accepted before, that for an ideal gas, u was a function of temperature only.
我们已经看到,或者说我们已经接受这样一个事实，即理想气体的内能只和温度有关。
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And that will end up winning out at basically any realistic temperature where the stuff really is a gas.
在体系仍然处于气体状态的温度下,熵战胜了能量。
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B=0 There's going to be some temperature where B is equal to zero. In that case, your gas is going to look awfully like an ideal gas.
在某个温度,这时，实际气体的表现，十分接近理想气体,高于这一温度它是正的。
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Real refrigerators actually work with liquids that go into gases so use the latent heat of the liquid, so it doesn't really work like the Joule-Thomson expansion. So this is real.
液体变成气体来工作,以运用液体的潜热，所以这不是,真正像焦耳-汤姆逊膨胀一样工作,这是真实的气体，不像焦耳。
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And again there, too, you saw an experimental result you were presented with that says, well at least to the extent that it could be measured, it was obviously getting very small.
再一次，你看到了一个,你经知道的实结果，至少在实验测量的范围内，对理想气体条件下的气体这一项很小。
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If I place my container of gas on the table here, and I come back an hour later, the pressure needs to be the same when I come back Otherwise it's not equilibrium.
如果我把装气体的容器放在桌子上，一小时以后我再回来时,气体的压强应该是不变的,否则它就不是平衡的。
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You've got to put more pressure on one side than the other if you want to push that gas through the throttle, right? So this is where the time scale issue comes into play.
如果你想让更多的气体通过节流阀,应该使一边的压强,大于另一边，是吗？所以这就是,时间尺度发挥作用的地方。
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How do they get that information? What is a star, if not just a giant gas bottle, containerless?
他们是怎样得到信息的？星星是什么？,如果不只是一个巨大的，空空的气体瓶呢？
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If I've got a gas in a container, the pressure of the gas has to be the same everywhere in the container, otherwise it's not equilibrium.
如果把气体装进容器里，容器内各处气体的压强,应该是一样的，否则它就不是平衡的。
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It's true for any gas, and if I remove this limit here, r t is equal to p v bar, I'm going to call that an ideal gas.
这样的气体被称作理想气体,这就是理想气体的性质，理想气体的涵义是什么？
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And you can find these compressibility factors in tables. If you want to know the compressibility factors for water, for steam, at a certain pressure and temperature, you go to a table and you find it.
各种气体的压缩系数,想知道水或者水蒸气,在某个温度和压强下的，压缩系数，查表就行了，这是实际气体状态方程的。
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And what is inside the gas discharge tube is gas at low pressure.
气体放电管里,有处于低压下的气体。
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And I have this adiabatic expansion where p external is really small.
这时的情况,跟理想气体的。
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Avogadro was a professor of chemistry at the University of Turin who did a lot of work on gas laws, understanding the number of gas particles in a given volume at a given temperature.
阿伏加德罗是一个化学教授,在都灵大学,他做了很多关于气体定律的研究，了解气体微粒,在特定的容量和温度下的数目。
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And so, when you think about how much cement concrete are consumed annually on the planet, this becomes a considerable point source of greenhouse gas emissions.
当你想到,在地球上每年要消耗多少的水泥混凝土的时候,这将是温室气体排放的,一个主要来源。
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You don't have gas molecules consisting of thousands of atoms.
并没有这样的气体分子,它们是由成千上万的原子组成。
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Pressure has dropped out of the picture completely here. So there is no p dependence here.
理想气体的H只是温度的函数,这对于真实气体来说是。
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Very idealistic, but that's not the way the world works.
都是理想气体，而非实际的状态。
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But now, so this is where the refrigeration comes in. So if you take a gas, and you're below the inversion temperature and you make it go through this irreversible process, the gas comes out colder from that side than that side.
这就是冰箱的原理,如果在低于转变温度,的情况下我们将气体经过,这个不可逆过程,气体出来的温度将比这边低。
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But you don't compress it so quickly that you're not in there reversible process so you compress that if you were to feel the temperature of the air and you can feel it through the nozzle gives you an idea of the temperature of the air inside your bicycle pump.
但是压缩速度,也不能太快,否则就不是,可逆过程了,这样当压缩气体时,从喷嘴可以感受到,内部气体的温度。
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That's a reversible path.
注：即变化过程中气体的任何状态。
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Well, my gas inside is going to be very unhappy.
那么里面的气体就会很不高兴。
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And the fudge factor is called z.
理想气体的体积。
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In this case, V = /P. Have two quantities and the number of moles gives you another property. You don't need to know the volume. All you need to know is the pressure and temperature and the number of moles to get the volume.
以及气体的摩尔数,就可以得到第三个量,知道压强，温度和气体的,摩尔数就可以推导出气体的体积,这称为状态方程,它建立了状态函数之间的联系。
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