So, this just shows as the vaccine was distributed, given to more people, that prevalence of the disease dropped dramatically.

因此,这表明随着疫苗的推广,以及接种人数的增加,该疾病的患病率显著降低

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

For example, what if you could make a hepatitis vaccine that was good in one shot instead of three shots?

比方说,如果你研制的一种肝炎疫苗,只需接种一次,而不是三次会怎么样

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

You can't go to school in this country, and in many countries, until you've had your prescribed set of vaccinations.

在我国,接种规定的疫苗之前,许多国家也一样,你都不能去上学

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, he intentionally inoculated his wife and two children with fluid that he got from one of his sick cows.

所以他给自己的妻子和两个孩子接种了,取自病牛的体液

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The clinical trial was designed such that almost two million elementary school children were given this test vaccine.

该临床试验的计划是,向近二百万的小学学生,接种这种测试疫苗

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Availability of this freeze-dried vaccine made it, then, possible to think about vaccinating people all over the world.

冻干疫苗的应用能使医护人员,考虑向全世界人民接种疫苗

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, that's another example of the difference between a vaccine that works, and a vaccination that works, right?

所以,这个例子讲的是研发疫苗和,研究疫苗接种的不同之处,对吗

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

If you just introduced this polio virus, which you could make in large quantities into people now, you would be causing polio.

如果你直接接种脊髓灰质炎病毒,将大量的病毒直接接种到人体,就会引起小儿麻痹症

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

And so even people that got vaccinated, most of us either have questionable or no protection against the virus at this point.

所以就算那些接种过天花疫苗的人,到那时候也不一定,或者压根无法抵御病毒

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Well, there's a whole population of people who are younger than me that never got smallpox vaccines, right?

所有比我小的人,都没有接种过天花疫苗,对吧

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Give enough of the vaccine so you have a dose for everybody in the world, or a large fraction of the people.

疫苗的数量,足以让世界上每个人都接种一支,或者让绝大多数人都能接种一支

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Some, like the smallpox vaccine on one exposure generates a very high response that lasts for many years so you don't need a boost.

有一些疫苗,比如接触一次天花疫苗后,人体就能产生高水平的免疫应答,并持续很多年,所以无需再次接种

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

This process, I said, this ancient process of taking scabs from patients and introducing them to people you wanted to protect, was called variolation.

这个过程,我想,这个从病人身上取痂,接种到你想保护的人身上的古老过程,叫做天花接种

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Again, these are antibodies that are specific to that antigen or vaccine that we introduced.

我再说一次,这些抗体针对于,我们所接种的抗原或疫苗特异产生

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

One can also purify parts of the protein, that is, parts of the virus, that is, "Do I really need to deliver the whole virus?"

人们还可以纯化部分蛋白质,也就是病毒的某些部分来制造疫苗,那么还需要接种完整的病毒吗

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

He took this pustular fluid that was produced at this very specific phase of the disease, and he developed a way for giving that to people.

他取出脓包中的,由这种,非常特殊的过程产生的液体,他还发明了一种将之接种到人身上的方法

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

And I've already given you some clues about this, in that this process of vaccination that Jenner had developed was intentionally injecting into healthy patients, a microorganism.

我刚刚已经向你们提示了一些,在詹纳发明的接种过程里,故意把微生物注射到健康病人身上

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The question is "What happens after a vaccine is introduced into the body?"

问题在于,人体在接种疫苗后会发生什么样的变化

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Then, if we inject it into people they'll be getting the real virus.

接着,将这种病毒接种到人体内,人体会得到真实的病毒

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

One was, a better understanding of what you were doing when you vaccinated.

一是更好的理解了,当你接种时究竟发生了什么

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Yeah, so you're asking, if for example, why do you need a booster of tetanus, because if I get exposed to tetanus wouldn't I have this rapid response?

所以你会问,举个例子来说,已经感染过破伤风杆菌的人,为什么仍然需要接种破伤风疫苗,身体不是应该马上对该病菌做出应答吗

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Basically, injecting it into some test subjects, making sure that they didn't get diseased from it and looking at antibody responses to see if it worked and it did.

他们把疫苗接种到测试对象体内,确定接种者不会感染疾病,同时观察抗体的应答反应,了解疫苗是否有效

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

You introduce that antigen into a person, into me for example.

将这种抗原接种到一个人的体内,比如接种到我的体内

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, that was the start of the modern practice of vaccination.

而这就是现代疫苗接种实践的开端

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

If this was tetanus, you got this tetanus vaccine when you were young; you get a boost every five or ten years because your antibody levels are starting to fall.

以破伤风为例,小时候,你接种过破伤风的疫苗,每隔五年或十年要再接种一次,这是因为体内的抗体浓度会下降

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

In addition, even people-- I got vaccinated 40 years ago,right?

此外,即便是像我这样的人,接种天花已经四十年了

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Now, I'm not introducing any genetic material at all so I don't have to worry about it replicating because there's no genetic material, all I do is deliver the particles.

这样就根本不用引入任何遗传物质,所以我也不需要担心它会复制,因为根本不存在任何遗传物质了,我所要做的只不过是接种部分微粒

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

And it would be really difficult to vaccinate a wildlife.

而给野生动物接种是非常困难的

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Yeah, so for example, you get exposed to-- before there was a vaccine your brother or sister had chickenpox, and so you got exposed to chickenpox naturally through your contact with them.

举个例子来说,如果你生活在这样的环境里,兄弟姐妹们还没接种疫苗就得了水痘,而你通过与他们相接触,在自然情况下接触到了水痘病毒

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So if you could make a hepatitis B vaccine that didn't require a shot or that didn't require refrigeration, that would be a tremendous advance in spreading that vaccine through the world.

所以如果你可以开发出这样的乙肝疫苗,它不需注射就能接种,或者不需要冷藏,这样的巨大进步,能够将疫苗的使用普及至全世界

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选