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Now, of course, O'Connor was very good at imbuing her writing with repeated symbols that grow and accrue meaning across the text.
当然，奥康纳非常善于,使文章充满那些贯穿全文,且意义不断积累、,不断强化的象征。
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And so what you want to do, basically drawing upon the law of effect, is reinforce the pig for doing good things.
你所要做的就是，应用效果律，强化这头猪做出的令你满意的行为。
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We planned them into this intensively experience in the context of their own work.
我们让他们在承担,自身工作负担的情况下,参与这个强化体验。
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It just reinforces the point that I was trying to make a few moments ago that the crucial question is not survival per se.
这将强化我刚才试图阐明的一点,就是关键问题不是存在本身。
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Now, we have a process in late Medieval Europe of the consolidation of territorial monarchies.
现在,我们来探讨欧洲中世纪末期的,领土兼并以及王权强化
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So this is another kind of engineering, an engineering not to look more closely at how humans work but an engineering to improve their function when it's failing.
这便是另一种工程技术,它并不研究人体运作原理,而是强化某部位的功能,如果这个部位失效了的话
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And, so, Louis XIV, who liked to call himself the Sun God, a modest megalomaniac, he sends out officials into the provinces to enforce his will, and these dudes are called intendants--but that doesn't matter, you don't have to remember that.
因此,路易十四,自称为太阳王,一个外表谦虚实则嚣张自大的人,他派一些官员去各省强化他的意志,这些人被称作是监督官,这个不是重点,你们不用记这个
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There's two--One technical distinction that people love to put on Intro Psych exams is that the difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.
心理学导论的考试中,会经常考到一个术语上的区别,即正强化,与负强化之间的区别。
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And if you do that over the fullness of time, your reinforcement and punishment will give rise to a pig who walks forward.
如果你长时间的这么做，你的强化和惩罚,就会使这头猪形成向前走的行为。
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Behaviors last longer if they're reinforced intermittently " and this is known as "the partial reinforcement effect."
间隔强化会使行为持续时间更久,这就是所谓的“部分强化效应“
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And so typically, what you're doing inadvertently in those situations is you're exploiting the partial reinforcement effect.
通常，你在这些情境中无意的行为,会产生部分强化效应。
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So, if you want to expand the notion of reward or reinforcement to anything, then it's true.
将奖励或强化的概念,扩展到任何事物上，都是正确的。
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Real life for both humans and animals involved cases where the reinforcement doesn't happen all the time but actually happens according to different schedules.
在现实中，人类和动物,并不总是不停的得到强化,但实际上强化则是根据不同的时程出现的。
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Finally, in the examples we're giving, whenever the pig does something you like you reinforce it.
最后，在我们之前提到的例子里，每当那头猪做出让你满意的行为,你就会强化它。
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So, you reinforce the pig for walking forward and you punish the pig for walking backward.
那你就对这头猪向前走的行为给予强化,如果它向后退，你就惩罚它。
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And more generally, the problem is you can talk about what other people do in terms of reinforcement and punishment and operant conditioning and classical conditioning.
更加一般性的问题便是,你可以用强化和惩罚，操作性条件作用,以及经典条件作用之类的术语,来解释他人的行为。
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A reinforced trial is when the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus go together.
强化尝试是指条件刺激,与无条件刺激同时出现的时候。
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Since the connection with the poker chips is established through classical conditioning, sooner or later by that logic the poker chips would lose their power to serve as reinforcers.
因为与扑克筹码有关的联结,是通过经典条件作用建立的，所以按照这种逻辑,扑克筹码迟早会失去强化物的作用。
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Now you keep on trying and because the reinforcement is intermittent you don't expect it as much and so your behavior will persist across often a huge amount of time.
你会不停的尝试,因为此时的强化是间隔强化,你并不会抱有很高的期望,因此，你的行为,通常会持续相当长的一段时间。
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But in order to do so, you have to use terms like "punishment" and "reward" and "reinforcement" in such a vague way that in the end you're not saying anything scientific.
但如果你要这样去做，你就必须将惩罚，奖励“,强化之类的术语概念模糊化,最终你所作出的解释便毫无科学性。
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And there's a difference between reinforced trials and unreinforced trials.
但强化尝试和非强化尝试是不一样的。
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It has many of the opposite effects that insulin has, so not only does insulin go down and stop these behaviors but a new hormone called glucagon gets produced which reinforces that change.
它产生的很多效应都与胰岛素相反,所以不仅是胰岛素的减少,导致血糖水平停止下降,胰高血糖素这种新激素的产生,也会强化该效应
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The discussion was over using things like poker chips for reinforcement and the point is exactly right.
这是关于应用筹码等物来强化行为的问题,她说的十分正确。
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Because you nag, you nag, you nag, the person says, "Fine, okay," and that reinforces it.
因为孩子不停的唠叨，你只好说，好吧，而这就形成了强化。
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No, and there's several demonstrations at the time of Skinner suggesting that they don't.
答案是否定的，早在斯金纳的时代就已经有证据表明,动物无需强化与惩罚也能进行学习。
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An unreinforced trial is when you get the food without the bell.
非强化尝试是只有食物而没有铃声的时候。
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And basically, there are primary reinforcers.
最根本的强化物是初级强化物。
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Negative reinforcement is very different from punishment.
负强化与惩罚之间有着很大的区别。
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And Skinner says that they all involve reinforcement; those are all reinforced behaviors.
斯金纳认为在这些行为之中都包含有强化;,这些行为都是受到强化的行为。
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