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Firms in perfect competition are price takers: they don't particularly have to worry about the actions of their competitors.
这些企业是价格接受者,他们不必担心,他们的竞争对手的策略
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Okay, so now more interestingly, we leave a little gap here, what if the other guy is pricing above costs?
现在更有趣的来了,我们这边留一点空白,如果对手的定价比成本高呢
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The first one is Dr. Marvin Chun who teaches the Introduction to Psychology course in the fall and is my competition.
第一名是马文·春博士,他会在秋季教授心理学导论课程,也是我的竞争对手
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Our competitors were using that to subsidize competing with us in the client market.
我们的对手以它为手段,来增加客户端市场的竞争力。
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If you have a product and your competitor has a product and you put sugar in yours, people are going to like it better.
如果你和你的竞争对手同样生产一批食品,而你的加糖了,人们会更喜欢你的产品
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They start getting into the Mediterranean and that scares the hell out of their commercial rivals.
他们开始进入了地中海地区,而这一举动把他们的竞争对手也吓得够呛
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We own that property now, we own their equipment, and therefore we won the battle.
我们赢得了财产,赢得了对手的装备,因此,我们赢得了战役
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So Kramnik's simply treating this as an awesome opponent.
克拉姆尼克当时只是把它当作一个强劲的对手
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There are a lot of perspectives discernible or extractable from this treatise, Areopagitica, from which the fallen state seems in so many ways, maybe in every way, superior to its unfallen counterpart.
有很多角度都可以从这个专著《论出版自由》中辨别和提取,出来，从很多方面或是一方面来说，从没落的政府比其他未没落的对手优越中来。
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Why? Because no matter how the other firm, your competitor, prices you might have an incentive to undercut them.
为什么,因为不管你对手怎么定价,你总有想削弱他们的动机
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I get all the voters right on top of me at position 1 and she gets everyone else, is that right?
我得到选择立场1的10%选票,对手得到剩余90%的选票,对吗
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The payoff of 2 against 3 is all the people at 1, all the people at 2, so it's 20%.
如果对手选3而我选2我会得到,立场1和2的全部选票,一共20%
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Conversely, if there was probability 1 that the other guy is going to choose Right, and I choose Up, then I get 0.
相反,如果对手,选择右的概率为1,并且我选的是上,那我的收益为零
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Against 3: so now we're comparing my choosing 1 versus 3 and my choosing 2 versus 3.
对手选立场3,现在来计算我选立场1对手选立场3,或者我选立场2对手选立场3的情况
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And we've already agreed that if I think it's equally likely they're going to choose right and left, that there's a probability ?
而且我们已经计算过了,如果我觉得对手,选左选右的概率相同,即他们选右的概率为1/2时
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And we know that Down does best if I think it was equally likely that the person was going to choose Left and Right.
我们还知道如果我们认为对手,选左或者是右的可能性相同的情况下,下是此情况下最好的策略
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That's illegible, but what it says is rational and knowledge that other people are rational.
这也是有点拗口,但他的意思就是,理性的你知道呢的对手也是理性的
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Both firms have an incentive to undercut the other firm, driving down profits for both.
每个企业都有削弱对手的动机,最后他们的利润都下降了
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Yeah, okay while we're here, why don't we do the same for my pair?
好了,我们再把对手的情况也写下来
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We mean that if these are your payoffs, no matter what your pair does, you attain a higher payoff from choosing Alpha, than you do from choosing Beta.
我们说如果这是你的收益,那么不论你的对手选什么,你选择α总会比选择β,得到更好的收益
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Well now I need to be rational, I need to know that other people are rational, and I need to know that other people know that other people are rational.
我自己已经是理性的了,我也知道对手也是理性的,我还需要知道对手们明白,他们的对手也是理性的
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But look at my opponent. My opponent's Alpha dominates her Beta.
但是对我的对手来说,选α优于β
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What about my expected payoff from choosing Middle against , so in this case where I think it's equally likely that my opponents going to choose Left or Right?
那我在情况下,选中的预期收益是什么呢,在此情况下我依然认为,对手选左选右的可能性相同
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It's my belief that the other guy's going to choose Right.
也就是我关于对手选右概率的信念
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We have to consider other possible positions of my opponent.
我们还要考虑对手的其他选择
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What I want to do is I want to draw a picture here, in which on the horizontal axis, I'm going to put the probability of the other guy choosing Right.
我要在这里画一张图,坐标系的横轴,表示对手选右的概率
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The assumption that your opponents are being rational as well.
你需要假设你对手也是理性的
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The gamble was our wings will crush their wings and turn in on them from behind and from the side, and set them a running before they break through our middle.
赌的是在敌军突破我军的中路之前,我军的两翼摧毁敌军两翼,从侧翼和后方合围对手,使之四处逃散
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All right, so you wrote out these squares, you realized what your partner was going to do, and responded to that.
这么说你也写下了这些矩阵,你分析出了对手的选择并依此做出的选择
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So the probability is 0 of the other guy choosing Left is, the same as, let's try it again.
同样的如果对手选左的概率是0,那也就是说,重新来
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