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Now the first law is going to hold in all of these steps, and we're going around in a cycle.
现在热力学第一定律,就蕴含在这所有的步骤里了，我们沿着这个循环走。
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And that's also how people find ways to break the second law, because somehow they've messed up on what their system is.
这就说明了某些人是如何想到办法,“打破“第二定律的，因为他们以各种方式搞错了,他们的系统的定义。
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And so this is really a mechanical term, if you like, and this is electrostatic or coulombic.
所以说这真算是一个力学问题，你愿意的话，也可以说它是,静电学或库仑定律方面的问题。
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And every physical object, or every purely physical object, is subject to deterministic laws because the laws of physics are deterministic.
而每个物理实体 或者说每个纯粹的物理实体,都遵从着确定性的定律,因为物理定律是确定性的
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In fact, until we do electricity and magnetism the next semester, everything's going to be based on just the laws of Newton.
其实,在下学期学习电磁学之前,所有的内容都是基于牛顿定律的
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The idea of probability theory is that no, you can't change things, there are all these objective laws of probability out there that guide everything.
而概率论的观点是,不,你无法改变事物,世间万物遵循客观的概率,它们即是定律
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Now here is the key point: Painful emotions are as much as part of human nature as the law of gravity is part of physical nature.
这是关键点：,人类本性的痛苦情绪,一如物理世界的万有引力定律。
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PROFESSOR: And this is a question based on where we left off on Wednesday -- we were talking about Coulomb's force law to describe the interaction between two particles and good job, most of you got this correct.
教授：这是我们上次最后,留下的问题-我们讲到,描述粒子间相互作用的,库伦定律，很好,大部分人都做对了。
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And the bigger lesson from that is that entropy, unlike energy u or enthalpy H, we could define an absolutely number for it.
热力学第三定律的一个更重要的推论是,与内能和自由焓不同，我们可以给上定义一个绝对的数值。
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That would that would give rise to a perpetual motion machine, breaking of the second law. It can't happen.
否则就会使,得永动机出现，打破第二定律那是不可能的。
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So, zeroth law, then, allows you to define the concept of temperature and the measurement of temperature through a thermometer.
因此第零定律，使你可以定义温度的概念,以及通过温度计,测量温度的方法。
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There are certain laws such that, given that the computer's in this state, it must necessarily move in that state.
存在那样的某些定律,假定电脑处在这种状态,它一定会变为那种状态
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Suppose Newton comes to you and says, "I have this great law, but I don't want to publish it under my name.
假如牛顿对你说,"我发现了这个伟大的定律,但我不想以我的名义发表
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The point of Newton is, two things in the Law of Inertia, which one may think is trivial.
牛顿的观点是,惯性定律分两部分,可能有人觉得这种分法无关紧要
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It's one thing to know your place in the universe, or to know the fundamental laws of physics.
知道自己在宇宙中的位置，或知道物理的基本定律是一回事。
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And you will form a crystal of sodium chloride as a result of this need to form crystal expressed through the Coulomb's Law.
你能得到氯化钠晶体,因此，形成晶体所需要的条件,在库伦定律中通篇都有表达。
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Avogadro was a professor of chemistry at the University of Turin who did a lot of work on gas laws, understanding the number of gas particles in a given volume at a given temperature.
阿伏加德罗是一个化学教授,在都灵大学,他做了很多关于气体定律的研究，了解气体微粒,在特定的容量和温度下的数目。
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We invoke Dalton's Law of molar proportions, we write it subject to conservation of mass.
我们援引了摩尔分数的道尔顿定律，要服从质量守恒定律。
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So thermodynamics, based on these four laws now, requires an edifice, and it's a very mature science, and it requires that we define things carefully.
热力学是一座，建立在这四条定律上的大厦,它是一门非常成熟的科学，也要求我们在定义东西时非常小心。
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Your plant is going to blow up, because the ideal gas law works only in very small range of pressures and temperatures for most gases.
理想气体定律,只在一个很小的压强,与温度的范围内适用。
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This is an abstract and powerful mathematical statement of the first law of thermodynamics.
这是热力学第一定律的一个抽象,而且具有很强数学性的表述。
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So, thermo is also a big tease, as you can see from my descriptions of these laws here.
因此，热力学也是个大玩笑，从我下面对,这些定律的描述。
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And so the next thing you do is you call up a journal and say I've discovered a fundamental law of nature.
下一步你做的事是打电话给一个杂志,并宣称你发现了一条自然界的基础定律。
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Fairly powerful statement, and that's another form of the first law of thermodynamics.
这是一个相当有用的表述,是热力学第一定律的另外一种形式。
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In general, the second law gave us the Clausius inequality for spontaneous change.
一般来说第二定律给出了,自发变化的克劳修斯不等式。
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But Newton's law is-- You see, you've got to go back and wipe out everything you know.
但牛顿定律是,如你所知的,你必须回到过去,忘掉你所知道的一切
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But it's amazing, that every year you find somebody coming up with a way of going around the second law and somehow convincing people who are very smart that this will work.
但是很令人惊奇，每年你都能发现,有人宣称找到了,绕过第二定律的方法,还不知怎么地就说服了,一些非常聪明的人,让他们以为这个真的管用。
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That is an example of a person for whom the Law of Inertia does not work.
这就是一个惯性定律不成立的例子
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That is the second part of the Aufbau Principle.
这就是构造定律的第二部分。
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We can use the Coulomb force law to explain this where we can describe the force as a function of r.
我们用库伦定律解释它,力作为距离r的函数,让我们考虑一下。
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