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We know now that it's caused by a related virus, called vaccinia, remember the virus that causes smallpox is called variola.
我们现在知道这病由一种相关的病毒引起,这种病毒叫牛痘病毒,想想天花病毒也被叫做牛痘病毒
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The last reported case of smallpox in the-- naturally occurring smallpox, was in 1977, a man in Somalia was infected.
最后一例天花报告,自然产生的天花,是在一九七七年,一个索马里人感染了
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And he started with a similar but different observation, and that was that cows get a disease that's very similar to smallpox.
他首先观察到一种类似但不同的情况,就是牛得了一种很像天花的病
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And as I mentioned before, death would occur in 20-30 percent of the cases that got the most severe form of smallpox.
就像我刚说的,百分之二十到三十的,天花重症病人会死亡
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And Jenner made the observation that others had made, that people that were around cows a lot tended not to get smallpox.
詹纳观察到的现象别人也曾观察到,就是经常接触奶牛的人不容易患天花
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We started on this topic on Tuesday, particularly emphasizing smallpox and kind of the history of vaccine development.
我们在本周二,重点讨论了天花,以及疫苗的发展历史
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Well, there's a whole population of people who are younger than me that never got smallpox vaccines, right?
所有比我小的人,都没有接种过天花疫苗,对吧
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But because of the similarity of the viruses, the immune response that people developed would also protect them against natural infections with variola.
因为这两种病毒很相像,人体的免疫应答也能保护自己,免受天花的感染
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So, there's been an active effort to reestablish the process of smallpox vaccination in case that's needed.
为了以防万一,现在正积极重建,能够制造天花疫苗的工艺进程
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And he was right; they got immunity and were protected from smallpox when it affected their community.
他是对的,当天花在周围流行时,他们具备了对天花的免疫力
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They did this very systematically, by giving quantities of the vaccine to countries all over the world.
他们做了系统的工作,把大量天花疫苗送到世界各地
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Some, like the smallpox vaccine on one exposure generates a very high response that lasts for many years so you don't need a boost.
有一些疫苗,比如接触一次天花疫苗后,人体就能产生高水平的免疫应答,并持续很多年,所以无需再次接种
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I think the smallpox vaccine we made now would probably be better, more effective, and safer than the vaccines we made in the '50s.
我相信若我们现在制造天花疫苗,应该会比五十年代的更有效更安全
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Remember that the lucky thing about the smallpox vaccine was that a naturally occurring attenuated form of the smallpox virus variola called vaccinea was found.
对于天花病毒来说,幸运的是,存在一种自然发生的,被称作痘苗病毒的,天花病毒的衰减疫苗
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And this is what's characteristic of smallpox, is that as the virus spreads through your body, it particularly, it particularly affects cells of your skin.
这是天花的特征,当病毒传遍全身时,它特别的,特别地作用于皮肤细胞
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And in particular, dairy maids, whose responsibility was to milk cows, and so they had a very intimate relationship with cattle, often didn't get disease.
特别是挤奶女工,她们的工作就是挤奶,她们与奶牛有紧密的关系,通常不会得天花
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Then you start to get lesions on your skin that are very characteristic of smallpox.
然后你的皮肤就会遭到损害,这就是天花的典型特征
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There are still some active smallpox virus specimens kept in the world, and there are two sources of small--two places where smallpox is stored now.
世界上仍有地方保存着,一些具有活性的天花病毒样本,有两个地方还储存着天花病毒样本
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But smallpox was, at one time, one of the most frightening diseases on the planet.
但是天花曾经,是这个星球上最令人恐惧的疾病之一
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But on this cover, you can see that there are several stories about smallpox.
但在这个封面上,你可以看到几篇关于天花的研究
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I also talked last time about smallpox and the perceived need to produce more smallpox vaccine in the event that smallpox is used as a weapon in 2002.
上次我也谈论过了天花,以及在二零零二年天花被当作武器使用时,制造出更多天花疫苗的必要性
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In addition to Jenner, there was a farmer named Benjamin Jesty, who recognized that farmers, being in contact with cows, didn't get disease as often as non-farmers did.
除了詹纳,还有个叫本杰明?加斯特的农民,他发现与奶牛接触的农民,不像其他人那样容易患天花
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First, using a couple of examples that have turned out to be very important, one is the example of smallpox, and the second is the example of polio.
首先,举两个重要的事例,其中一个例子是天花,另一个是小儿麻痹症
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But variola, which causes smallpox in humans, and vaccinia, which causes a disease called cowpox in cattle, turned out to be, we now know, viruses that are molecularly very similar.
但是导致天花的人痘病毒,和导致牛痘,的牛痘病毒,后来发现其实是,我们现在知道,这两种病毒在分子水平上十分相似
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Smallpox affected world history hundreds of years ago, and it was a disease that was common in Europe, but not common in the Americas until the Americas were colonized.
天花影响了几个世纪前的历史,这种病在欧洲很常见,但在美国不多见,直到美国成为殖民地
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There's a partial list that's shown here, starting the top of the list with smallpox, and that's what we're going to spend most of the time talking about today.
这是列表的一部分,表上第一个是天花疫苗,今天我们要用大部分时间讨论它
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If I happen to have some other infectious disease, then not only would you passing the protection to smallpox, but you'd be passing that disease among the population as well.
如果正好还有其他传染病,那不仅会传播对天花的免疫能力,也在人群中传播其它传染病
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In addition, even people-- I got vaccinated 40 years ago,right?
此外,即便是像我这样的人,接种天花已经四十年了
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We want to talk about that same concept today in terms of polio, which is a vaccine that is both made and manufactured in a different way than the smallpox vaccine.
今天我们以小儿麻痹症为例继续讨论疫苗,脊髓灰质炎疫苗的研制与,大规模生产方式同天花疫苗截然不同
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So, the concern at this time, and still remains a concern, is that infectious agents, particularly very deadly infectious agents like smallpox, could be weaponized in some way, or converted into a weapon.
当时有一些担心,现在还在担心,这些传染源,尤其是像天花非常具有致命性的传染源,可以进行某种程度的武器化,或者转变成武器
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