-
Its average valence electron energy is 5.2 electron volts, which is a heck of a lot less than 11.
它的平均价电子能是,5。2电子伏，那比11电子伏要少得多。
-
We started talking about these on Wednesday, and what we're going to start with is considering specifically the wave functions for multi-electron atoms.
我们从周三开始讨论这些，而且我们将要以特别地考虑,多电子原子的波函数,为开始。
-
Sodium has the electronic structure Now, that's not an octet, but it's not far.
钠的电子结构是,现在它还不是一个八电子结构，但差的并不多。
-
There've been over 14 million hits to the site we've had from over 300,000 people and over 3 thousand email messages have been received.
收到了有超过30万人,三千多封电子邮件,这些电子邮件给了我们。
-
One of the main difference is is that when you're talking about multi-electron orbitals, they're actually smaller than the corresponding orbital for the hydrogen atom.
其中最主要的区别之一,是当你讨论多电子轨道时,它们实际上，要比对应的氢原子轨道,要小一些。
-
What we're going to start with is discussing photoelectron spectroscopy, which is a spectroscopy technique that will give us some information about energy levels in multielectron atoms.
首先，我们将讨论,光电子能谱，通过这种技术,我们能够得到多电子原子的能级信息。
-
4 6 Just as in nitrogen, we get two, four, six here, but now we have two more electrons.
对于氮，我们有，但是现在我们有两个多的电子。
-
So for example, that might have a formal charge of negative 1, because to some extent it has gained that much electron density that it now has a formal charge that's negative.
比如，可能它的形式电荷为负一，因为在一定程度上它得到了这么多的共用电子密度,那么它现在就有了负的形式电荷。
-
It's got an average valence electron energy of about 16 eV, 16.5 eV, which is a lot greater than 11.
它的平均价电子能,大约是16eV，16。5eV，那比11要多很多。
-
This is the second ionization energy. That is to say the ionization energy of the second most electron.
这是二级电离能，这就是说,电子数第二多的电离能。
-
Specifically, we have to take in this exact amount of energy in order to bump the electron up to higher energy level.
特别的，我们严格需要,这么多,来把电子，提升到更高的能级。
-
So, one we finish our discussion of how we think about multi-electron atoms, we can go right on and start talking about these other things.
一旦我们结束了,多电子原子的讨论,我们马上就可以,开始讨论这些问题。
-
So we can do this essentially for any atom we want, we just have more and more wave functions that we're breaking it up to as we get to more and more electrons.
所以我们基本上对，任何一个原子都可以这么做,我们仅仅会有越来越多的波函数,因为我们将它分为越来越多的电子。
-
So you can think about how these 2 things combined are going to be electronegativity, which is a measure of how much an atom wants to pull electron density away from another atom.
因此你可以想象出,这两样性质合起来就是电负性，也就是一个度量，关于一个原子,有多希望把另一个原子的电子密度拉过来的。
-
What I just spent many lectures discussing is the fact that we can not know how far away an electron is from the nucleus, so we can't actually know the radius of a certain atom.
我花了这么多课时所讨论的正是我们,不可能知道电子离原子核有多远这一事实，因此我们不可能知道某个原子的半径。
-
Because we know as we go to infinity, even though the density gets smaller and smaller and smaller, we still have electron density very far away from the nucleus.
因为我们知道即使到了无穷远处，尽管电子密度会变得非常非常非常小，但我们仍然有一定的电子密度，无论离原子核多远。
-
This actually relates very closely to what we discussed in class on Friday before the long weekend, and what we were talking about is the energy levels of multielectron atoms.
这实际上与,上个长周末之前的周五的课上,我们所讨论的内容有着密切的联系，当时我们在讨论,多电子原子的能级。
-
So I said that this technique was used to experimentally determine what the different binding energies or the different ionization energies are for the different states in a multielectron atom.
我说过，这项技术被用来,在实验上确定多电子原子的,各个不同态相应的束缚能,或者电离能。
-
So even if we strip an atom of all of its electrons, we still have that same amount of positive charge in the nucleus.
所以即使把一个原子的所有电子都拿走,原子核还是带那么多的正电。
-
So let's compare what some of the similarities and differences are between hydrogen atom orbitals, which we spent a lot of time studying, and now these one electron orbital approximations for these multi-electron atoms.
很长时间的氢原子轨道和,现在多电子原子中,的单个电子轨道近似，我们可以对比，它们之间,的相似性和不同。
-
So, the wave functions for multi-electron atoms.
所以，对于多电子原子的波函数。
-
So similarly, as we now move up only one more atom in the table, 3 so to an atomic number of three or lithium, now we're going from six variables all the way to nine variables.
类似地就像我们现在,移动到周期表中仅仅多一个电子的情况，移动到一个原子数为，或者锂元素,现在我们从6个变量到了9个变量。
-
We're going to release a lot of energy for bonding, it's going to more than make up for the fact that we actually had to spend some energy to promote that electron.
在成键时，会释放大量能量,这比补偿激发电子,的能量要多。
-
The one problem that we run into is as we go to more and more atoms on the table, as we add on electrons, the Schrodinger equation is going to get more complicated.
我们将会遇到的一个问题,是当我们处理周期表中越来越多的原子时，当我们增加了电子，薛定谔方程,变得愈加复杂。
-
All right, so today we're going to fully have our discussion focused on multi-electron atoms.
好了，今天我们将要完整的讨论,关于多电子原子的问题。
-
So on Friday, we'll start with talking about the wave functions for the multi-electron atoms.
在周五，我们要开始讨论,多电子原子的波函数。
-
And there again is another difference between multi-electron atom and the hydrogen atoms.
在多电子原子和氢原子,之间还有一个区别,当我们谈论多电子原子轨道时。
-
We can also look at the energy equation now for a multi-electron atom.
我们也可以看到现在对于,一个多电子原子的能量方程。
-
So what is actually going to matter is how closely that electron can penetrate to the nucleus, and what I mean by penetrate to the nucleus is is there probability density a decent amount that's very close to the nucleus.
所以实际上有关系的是,电子可以穿越至原子核有多近,我所指的穿越至原子核是,这里有一定数量的概率密度,可以距离原子核非常近。
-
And once we do that, we're actually going to move on to multi-electron atoms.
在这之后，我们就可以继续多电子原子的内容。
应用推荐