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We started talking about these on Wednesday, and what we're going to start with is considering specifically the wave functions for multi-electron atoms.
我们从周三开始讨论这些，而且我们将要以特别地考虑,多电子原子的波函数,为开始。
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One of the main difference is is that when you're talking about multi-electron orbitals, they're actually smaller than the corresponding orbital for the hydrogen atom.
其中最主要的区别之一,是当你讨论多电子轨道时,它们实际上，要比对应的氢原子轨道,要小一些。
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4 6 Just as in nitrogen, we get two, four, six here, but now we have two more electrons.
对于氮，我们有，但是现在我们有两个多的电子。
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There've been over 14 million hits to the site we've had from over 300,000 people and over 3 thousand email messages have been received.
收到了有超过30万人,三千多封电子邮件,这些电子邮件给了我们。
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So for example, that might have a formal charge of negative 1, because to some extent it has gained that much electron density that it now has a formal charge that's negative.
比如，可能它的形式电荷为负一，因为在一定程度上它得到了这么多的共用电子密度,那么它现在就有了负的形式电荷。
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It's got an average valence electron energy of about 16 eV, 16.5 eV, which is a lot greater than 11.
它的平均价电子能,大约是16eV，16。5eV，那比11要多很多。
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So, one we finish our discussion of how we think about multi-electron atoms, we can go right on and start talking about these other things.
一旦我们结束了,多电子原子的讨论,我们马上就可以,开始讨论这些问题。
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So we can do this essentially for any atom we want, we just have more and more wave functions that we're breaking it up to as we get to more and more electrons.
所以我们基本上对，任何一个原子都可以这么做,我们仅仅会有越来越多的波函数,因为我们将它分为越来越多的电子。
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So you can think about how these 2 things combined are going to be electronegativity, which is a measure of how much an atom wants to pull electron density away from another atom.
因此你可以想象出,这两样性质合起来就是电负性，也就是一个度量，关于一个原子,有多希望把另一个原子的电子密度拉过来的。
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What I just spent many lectures discussing is the fact that we can not know how far away an electron is from the nucleus, so we can't actually know the radius of a certain atom.
我花了这么多课时所讨论的正是我们,不可能知道电子离原子核有多远这一事实，因此我们不可能知道某个原子的半径。
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Because we know as we go to infinity, even though the density gets smaller and smaller and smaller, we still have electron density very far away from the nucleus.
因为我们知道即使到了无穷远处，尽管电子密度会变得非常非常非常小，但我们仍然有一定的电子密度，无论离原子核多远。
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This actually relates very closely to what we discussed in class on Friday before the long weekend, and what we were talking about is the energy levels of multielectron atoms.
这实际上与,上个长周末之前的周五的课上,我们所讨论的内容有着密切的联系，当时我们在讨论,多电子原子的能级。
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So I said that this technique was used to experimentally determine what the different binding energies or the different ionization energies are for the different states in a multielectron atom.
我说过，这项技术被用来,在实验上确定多电子原子的,各个不同态相应的束缚能,或者电离能。
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So even if we strip an atom of all of its electrons, we still have that same amount of positive charge in the nucleus.
所以即使把一个原子的所有电子都拿走,原子核还是带那么多的正电。
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So let's compare what some of the similarities and differences are between hydrogen atom orbitals, which we spent a lot of time studying, and now these one electron orbital approximations for these multi-electron atoms.
很长时间的氢原子轨道和,现在多电子原子中,的单个电子轨道近似，我们可以对比，它们之间,的相似性和不同。
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So, the wave functions for multi-electron atoms.
所以，对于多电子原子的波函数。
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All right, so today we're going to fully have our discussion focused on multi-electron atoms.
好了，今天我们将要完整的讨论,关于多电子原子的问题。
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So on Friday, we'll start with talking about the wave functions for the multi-electron atoms.
在周五，我们要开始讨论,多电子原子的波函数。
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And there again is another difference between multi-electron atom and the hydrogen atoms.
在多电子原子和氢原子,之间还有一个区别,当我们谈论多电子原子轨道时。
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We can also look at the energy equation now for a multi-electron atom.
我们也可以看到现在对于,一个多电子原子的能量方程。
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So what is actually going to matter is how closely that electron can penetrate to the nucleus, and what I mean by penetrate to the nucleus is is there probability density a decent amount that's very close to the nucleus.
所以实际上有关系的是,电子可以穿越至原子核有多近,我所指的穿越至原子核是,这里有一定数量的概率密度,可以距离原子核非常近。
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And once we do that, we're actually going to move on to multi-electron atoms.
在这之后，我们就可以继续多电子原子的内容。
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It means how much a certain atom actually wants to get an electron.
它意味着某一个原子,有多希望得到一个电子。
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So now that we can do this, we can compare and think about, we know how to consider wave functions for individual electrons in multi-electron atoms using those Hartree orbitals or the one electron wave approximations.
现在我们可以做这些了，我们可以对比和考虑，我们知道如何用哈特里轨道,或者单电子波近似去考虑,多电子原子中的单个电子波函数,所以对于我们研究了。
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And this is the energy level diagram for multi-electron atoms.
看一下能量级图表中,多电子原子的部分。
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So when we talk about the size of multi-electron orbitals, they're actually going to be smaller because they're being pulled in closer to the nucleus because of that stronger attraction because of the higher charge of the nucleus in a multi-electron atom compared to a hydrogen atom.
所以当我们讨论,多电子轨道的尺寸，它们实际上会变得更小,因为多电子原子的原子核,相比于氢原子,有更高的电荷量所以,有更强的吸引力,所以可以拉的更近。
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And we can look at precisely why that is by looking at the equations for the energy levels for a hydrogen atom versus the multi-electron atom. So, for a hydrogen atom, and actually for any one electron atom at all, this is our energy or our binding energy.
而且我们可以精确地看看,为什么是这样的,通过看对于氢原子和,多电子原子能级的方程所以对于氢原子，事实上对于任何一个电子，这是我们的能量或者我们的结合能。
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So, this needs only one more electron.
所以，只需要在多一个电子就行了。
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So, I want to contrast that with another concept that seemed to be opposing ideas, and that is thinking about not how far away the most probable radius is, but thinking about how close an electron can get to the nucleus if it's actually in that orbital.
我要将它和另外一个,看起来相反的概念相比较，我们不是考虑,最可能半径离原子核有多远，而是考虑如果电子在那个轨道上,能多接近原子核。
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Soon when we're talking about multi-electron atoms, and I just want to introduce it here, that it is sort of opposing ideas that even though the s is the biggest and it's most likely that the electron's going to be furthest away from the nucleus, that's also the orbital in which the electron can, in fact, penetrate closest.
当我们说多电子原子时，我这里要先介绍一下，这些概念有些相反,虽然ｓ轨道最大,所以电子最可能远离原子核，但它上面的最容易，穿透到离原子核最近。
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