This remarkable letter was written when Plato was very old, approximately 50 years after the trial and execution of Socrates.

那封了不起的书信,是在柏拉图年迈时所写，大约是,苏格拉底被审判及处决后的，50，年。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

The Republic belongs to that period of Plato's work after his return to Athens, after the execution of Socrates.

理想国》即是柏拉图,在返回雅典后的作品之一，也就是在苏格拉底被处决之后。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

Here again, the massacre of the innocents, where villages are just being executed because they are there.

这一幅叫做《对无辜者的大屠杀》,村民被无缘无故地处决,毫无缘由

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

Milton actually wrote that it was the duty, not just the right but the duty, of a nation to rise up and dethrone through execution an unjust, though legitimate, king.

弥尔顿实际上写道，站起来通过处决而废黜，一个尽管合法却不公正的国王是一个国家的义务,不仅仅是权利，而且还是义务。

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选

And lots of people who were chimney sweeps were executed because they had been cleaning chimneys and they had gun-- the equivalent, they had charcoal on their cheeks.

许多被处决的人只是烟囱清扫工,原因只是他们清扫烟囱并且他们有枪,类似枪的东西,他们脸上有碳灰

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

This is somebody being tortured at the stake for merely existing, for having not confessed to being a Protestant or a Catholic or whatever.

那个人被毫无缘由地处决,或者由于新教徒或天主教徒的身份,或者其他什么原因而受罚

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

He was only 28 when the restored democracy executed his friend and teacher, Socrates, in 399.

而在他，28，岁时8,修复的民主却处决了,他的朋友与老师苏格拉底，公元前，399，年。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

But the action of the Republic takes place long before the defeat of Athens, before the rise of the Thirty and the execution of Athens .

但《理想国》撰写的时间,远早于雅典战败，及三十暴君掌权之前,也早于雅典被处决之前。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

This is a French painter, drawer, lithographer called jacques Callot.

这是一副法国画家,雅克·卡洛的作品,《处决》

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

He left England with many of the royal families, the aristocratic families, who were threatened by the republican armies organized by Cromwell and that had executed the King.

他和许多皇室家庭一起离开了英国，那些贵族家庭，被克伦威尔领导的共和军队所威慑,正是克伦威尔处决了国王。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

Here's the people sort of standing around watching this execution.

这一幅画的是围观处决的人们

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

Now in the middle years of the seventeenth century during the English revolution that saw the execution of the king and saw the establishment of a non-monarchic republican government, Milton had practically invented the formal language, the literary language, of insubordination.

7世纪中期,英国革命期间，国王被处决,一个非君主制的共和国政府建立了起来，弥尔顿实际上创造出了一套正式词汇，一套用来表述“反抗“的文学词汇。

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选

It was, above all, the influence of the classics, Aristotle and Cicero in particular, that Hobbes regards as an important cause for the recent civil war and the regicide of Charles I.

霍布斯认为，正是受这些古典作品的影响，尤其是亚里士多德和西塞罗的作品，才导致了最近内战的爆发,和对查理一世国王的处决。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

Courbet also did an execution scene .

库尔贝也画过处决的场景

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

concerned his refusal to join in the judgment to condemn and execute the ten Athenian generals who had failed to collect the corpses, the bodies, of the men lost in a particular battle during the Peloponnesian War?

关于他拒绝参与,谴责及处决十名雅典将军的审判,只因为他们无能,运回战死官兵尸体，那些在著名的伯罗奔尼萨战役中,牺牲的官兵？

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

You can still see in the Pantheon-- the sort of secular monument but also just Napoleonic generals one after another-- you can still see bullet holes there, from the Commune, not just from World War Two, from where people were executed.

你在先贤祠,那是安葬着诸如埃米尔·左拉等,当然一个挨一个的,也放着拿破仑一世的将军们,你在那仍然可以看到弹孔,它是巴黎公社时就留下的,不仅仅只是二战时候的,人们被处决时留下的弹孔

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选