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So in terms of total numbers that we would need to complete our octets and fill our valence shells, we would need 18 electrons.
因此要填满我们的“八隅体“,排满所有的价壳层，我们总共需要十八个电子。
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The reason is because we already have a full valence shell for our hydrogen, it doesn't want any more electrons.
原因是因为我们的氢,已经有一个排满的价壳层了，它不再需要多余的电子了。
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I don't want somebody opening up a clamshell with some hot food in it. It's not right. It's not right.
我不希望任何人打开一罐蛤壳,里面装着热的食物，这不对。
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At this time the Dutch are sending herrings, these long flat boats, herring ships are going all the way to Newfoundland in the seventeenth century,and Iceland, freezing off the coast of Iceland.
于此同时,荷兰人也还运输鲱鱼,这些运送鲱鱼的长板船,在十七世纪一路开往纽芬兰和冰岛等地区,并不停穿梭于被冰壳覆盖的海岸线上
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But remember that we need to multiply it by the volume here, the volume of some sphere we've defined.
但记住我们需要把它乘以体积，乘以一个我们定义的壳层的体积。
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So, if we look at what the other sub shells are called, essentially we're just converting the number to a letter.
我们来看看,另外的子壳层叫什么，本质上，我们就是把数字转换为，一个字母。
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But still, when we're talking about the radial probability distribution, what we actually want to think about is what's the probability of finding the electron in that shell?
但当我们讲到径向概率分布时,我们想做的是考虑，在某一个壳层里,找到电子的概率,就把它想成是蛋壳？
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Step three in our Lewis structure rules is to figure out how many electrons we would need in order for every single atom in our molecule to have a full valence shell.
路易斯结构规则的第三步是,找出让分子中每个原子的价壳层,都排满应该需要多少个价电子。
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So if we actually go ahead and multiply it by the volume of our shell, then we end up just with probability, which is kind of a nicer term to be thinking about here.
乘以壳层的体积,我们就得到了概率，在这里从这个角度，理解问题更好一些,如果我们考虑的是。
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So as we go down we're now adding electrons to further and further away shells, so what we're going to see is that the atomic radius is going to increase as we're going down the periodic table.
当我们向下走时,我们会将电子加在越来越远的壳层上，因此我们将看到原子半径,将随我们沿周期表向下走而增大。
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So, basically what we're saying is if we take any shell that's at some distance away from the nucleus, we can think about what the probability is of finding an electron at that radius, and that's the definition we gave to the radial probability distribution.
本质上我们说的就是,如果我们在距离原子核,某处取一个壳层，我们可以考虑在这个半径处,发现电子的概率，这就是我们给出的,径向概率密度的定义。
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That's kind of your shell that we're discussing.
我们讨论的大概就是，这种样子的壳层。
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So, let's take a look at one of these rows in more detail to think about why this might be happening, and it turns out the reason that these glitches occur are because the sub shell structure predominates in certain instances, and that's where these glitches take place.
那么，让我们仔细地看一看其中一行,想一想为什么会这样，结果是这些小偏差的出现,是因为在一定情况下,亚壳层结构会产生重要影响，这正发生在小偏差出现的地方。
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So, in order to fill up our shell, what we need is 3 times 8 or 24 electrons.
因此，为了填满所有的壳层，我们需要三乘以八也就是二十四个电子。
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Whereas for fluorine, fluorine is smaller than f minus is the one that's the outer shell shown here.
而对于氟来说，氟原子更小,与外部壳层在这的负一价氟离子相比。
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So here we're talking about v plus 1, so if we were to write it just for the neutral electron itself, we would find that the electron configuration is argon, that's the filled shell in front of it.
这里我们要分析的是正一价的钒离子，因此，我们先写出中性原子的电子排布，可以发现，其原子实是氩原子的电子排布，这些壳层已经被占满了。
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r And what that is the probability of finding an electron in some shell where we define the thickness as d r, some distance, r, from the nucleus.
在某个位置为,厚度为dr的壳层内,找到原子,的概率，我们来考虑下我们这里所说的。
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a perfectly spherical shell dr at some distance, thickness, d r, dr we talk about it as 4 pi r squared d r, so we just multiply that by the probability density.
在某个地方的完美球型壳层,厚度，我们把它叫做4πr平方，我们仅仅是把它,乘以概率密度。
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We learn nothing from examining what is going on down here in n equals one shell.
必须仔细检查不然我们学不到什么的,这里n=1的壳。
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We're saying the probability of from the nucleus in some very thin shell that we describe by d r.
某一非常薄的壳层dr内,一个原子的概率,你想一个壳层时。
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So to figure out bonding electrons, -- what we take is that number 18, which is our total number of electrons we need to fill valence shells, and we subtract it from our number of valence electrons, which is 10.
那么为了找出成键电子，我们将十八，也就是填满所有价壳层,所需要电子的总个数，减去我们所有的价电子的个数，也就是十。
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So, what we can do to actually get a probability instead of a probability density that we're talking about is to take the wave function squared, which we know is probability density, and multiply it by the volume of that very, very thin spherical shell that we're talking about at distance r.
我们能得到一个概率,而不是概率密度的方法,就是取波函数的平方，也就是概率密度，然后把它乘以一个在ｒ处的,非常非常小的,壳层体积。
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We're getting further away from the nucleus because we're jumping, for example, from the n equals 2 to the n equals 3 shell, or from the n equals 3 to the n equals 4 shell.
我们将会离原子核越来越远,因为我们在跃迁，比如从，n，等于，2，的壳层到n等于，3，的壳层，或者从，n，等于，3，的壳层到n等于，4，的壳层。
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This should make sense to you, because they don't, in fact, want to gain another electron, because that would mean that electron would have to go into a new value of n, a new shell, and that's really going to increase the energy of the system.
这对大家来说应该容易理解，因为它们实际上不想得到另一个电子，因为这意味着这个电子不得不,到一个新的，n，值更大的壳层上去，这将会增加系统的能量。
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So we actually only need two electrons to fill up the valence shell of hydrogen, remember that's because all we need to fill up is the 1 s.
我们其实只需要两个电子,就可以将氢的价壳层排满，要记得这是因为我们只需要排满，1，s，轨道。
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And when you talk about n for an orbital, it's talking about the shell that shell is kind of what you picture when you think of a classical picture of an atom where you have 1 energy level, the next one is further out, the next one's further away.
当你们谈到，某个轨道的n时，你们说的是壳层，壳层就是,你想象，一个原子,的经典图像时的场景,你有一个能级，下一个再更远的地方，再下一个又更远。
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And the reason is simply because the energy that Z we gain in terms of moving up in z, 5 so from going to z equals 4 to z equals 5, -- is actually outweighed by the energy it takes to go into this new shell, to go into this new sub shell.
原因很简单,就是因为我们通过提升，所得到的能量--从，Z，等于，4，到，Z，等于，事实上比填充到这个新的壳层,新的亚壳层，所消耗的能量更多。
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