In that case, we understand it as a sequence of cross-sections rather than something that somehow organically changes through time.
这样,我们就是在学习一个个语言的横截面,而不是语言自然的变化过程。
It looks at buildings and how they've changed.
它展示了建筑和建筑风格的变化过程。
So now let's go around the cycle and just compare notes on what happens to the thermodynamic quantities as we do that.
现在让我们推导一下这个循环,比较一下这个过程中,热力学性质的变化。
So if we have a negative change in energy for any reaction as it's written, what that actually means is we're giving off energy as the reaction proceeds.
如果我们像这里写的这样,在任何一个反应过后,得,到的能量变化为负值,这就意味着我们在这个过程中放出了能量。
That ratio may have been higher in the nineteenth century; it's gradually trending down, but it's a slow-moving thing.
在19世纪这个比率要高一些,然后逐渐下降,但这是个缓慢变化的过程
That is to say I can now reroute that sodium plus chlorine reaction and go a different way, but I still end up with the same change in energy.
也就是说,我可以重新定义一种,钠与氯的反应途径,从另一种途径来实现反应,但是能量的变化过程相同。
The steering wheel is--having the same steering wheel is compatible with changing of a few pieces.
方向盘一直都是原来那个,和它过程中微小的变化,是不冲突的。
This is one of the kinds of differences that develop that happens during development and cells somehow know where they are within this developing asymmetrical organism.
这是发育过程中,发生的一种变化,而且细胞似乎知道它们,在这个非对称发育生物体中的位置
So we'll focus on the bass and we'll try to sing the bass, and if we find that in singing the bass our voice is not changing, probably the harmony hasn't changed.
现在把我们的注意力放到低声部上,尽量唱出低声部,如果在唱的过程中我们觉得自己的声音没有变化,那和声就很有可能没有改变。
Now these changes, these human evolutionary changes, have created some very interesting metabolic things inside our bodies.
而今,这些改变,这些人类演化造成的变化,在人体内产生了一些很有意思的代谢过程
Then again, you will find the evolution of the planetary motion, because the rate of change of the rate of the change of the position is connected to the position.
同样地,这就是行星运动的演化过程,因为行星位移的变化率的变化率,与它的位移有关
And it's always going to come down to calculating the appropriate free energy, and how it changes in the process.
这总是涉及到计算,适当的自由能,以及这些自由能在过程中如何变化。
And we saw that in fact in this case delta S of mixing, we calculated it, saw that it is positive.
实际上如果我们计算气体混合过程中,熵的变化,我们会发现这个量是正的。
This is a point that is often confusing, because you can think, well maybe I could calculate what the internal pressure is even for this very rapid process.
这一点可能让你们很困惑,因为你们可以想象这个过程,我也可以计算在这快速的变化中,内部压强是多大。
Now I am going to break this into elementary steps and look at the relative contributions.
我会把这整个变化过程化为几个基本的步骤,去考察每一步的变化量。
And you can see what the heat involved in a process like that is as well.
你就能看到在类似这样的,过程中热量是如何变化的。
They're not chromosomal differences because this is the ordinary process of mitosis.
它们的染色体没有任何变化,因为这是正常的有丝分裂过程
What is actually changing during this process of differentiation?
分化的过程中,实际发生了哪些变化
If you have an isobaric you're going to have to calculate where the energy changes, and that's a calculation that's likely on the homework and very like on an exam as well, too.
在等压过程中,我们需要计算能量的变化,我们在作业,和考试中,就会遇到这类问题。
This depends on the path. It tells you right here the path is constant pressure. These don't depend on the path, right. V doesn't care how you v get there. u doesn't care how you get there.
这由变化的具体路径决定,这个小脚标表明过程是恒压的,这些量都与具体路径无关,即不管是通过什么路径使得体积变化为Δ
What happened to the temperature in a Joule expansion in ideal gas?
对理想气体,焦耳-汤姆逊膨胀过程中温度如何变化?
That's a reversible path.
注:即变化过程中气体的任何状态。
Do it very quickly.
变化过程非常迅速。
If you have a real gas and you write du is Cv dT and your path is not a constant volume path, then you are making a mistake. But for an ideal gas, you can always write this. And this turns out to be very useful to remember.
对于真实气体,如果其变化过程,不是恒容的,du=Cv*dT就不成立,但对于理想气体,这条规则永远成立,这一点非常有用,请记住。
And the change in energy for this reaction is negative 349 kilojoules per mole.
然后得到这个过程的能量变化为,负的,349,千焦每摩尔。
So now we have a different sign for delta H and it still happens spontaneously.
现在自由焓的变化的符号不一样了,但是这个过程仍然自发的进行。
The way that the cell experience it is through some sort of biochemical changes.
细胞发生某种生物化学变化,以完成这个过程
That means there's a gradual adjustment of dividends to earnings.
股利与收益间存在一个逐渐变化的过程
Namely, it's delta S is greater than zero.
变化过程中熵的变化总是大于零的。
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