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So now, the enzyme is locked up with being built, and the penicillin has effectively killed the bacteria.
所以这是我第一次感受到,我想在单个原子的层面上思考这些分子,所以这时我的专业转到了化学方向。
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We talked about this reaction here where we had chloride ion in the gas phase plus sodium ion in the gas phase.
我们在讨论这一个反应,我们有气相的氯原子,与气相的钠原子接触。
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z So, this is what we find the actual z effective is for an electron in the helium atom.
所以这就是我们得到了实际有效的,对于一个氦原子的电子。
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The other chain is facing in the other direction, the 3' carbon is up, the 5' carbon is down.
对面的那条单链方向相反,3'位的碳原子向上,5'位的碳原子向下
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Eighty percent of atoms that are set up like that break down in the next 24 hours; 20 percent of them don't.
我们设定未来二十四小时中,有百分之八十的原子会分裂,另外百分之二十的原子不会
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But, you can see, this is right out of his notebook, and you can see he's arranged the atoms by row.
但是，你能看到，这是他的记录本的右边，你能看到他按行对原子的排布。
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So, you can see how this can directly give us different ionization energies for any atom that we're interested in studying.
那么，大家可以理解,这种技术如何直接给出我们所要研究的,任何一种原子的所有不同的电离能。
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What we're going to start with is discussing photoelectron spectroscopy, which is a spectroscopy technique that will give us some information about energy levels in multielectron atoms.
首先，我们将讨论,光电子能谱，通过这种技术,我们能够得到多电子原子的能级信息。
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He described the physical world as the integral of void plus being.
他将物理世界描述为,虚无和原子的总和。
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This is a little bit of a tricky experiment, so we decided we'll just smoosh it all in, and we'll actually be able to account for it, because we'll take into account the area of all of those atoms.
因为我们要，考虑所有原子的面积，我觉得这个，黑板是不能自动上去的，好了，我们知道。
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And he found that the middle member of the triad had an atomic mass that was midway between the atomic masses of the end members.
他发现三元组中间的元素,的原子质量,是位于两端的元素的原子质量,的中间。
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And so what we do, in order to designate the identity of an atom, is the following.
所以，我们要做什么，为了标出原子的特性，这就是我们要做的。
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And we find the same thing for these two atoms here, it's not actually a double bond, it's somewhere between a single bond and a double bond.
而且我们发现这两个原子的情况是一样的，它其实不是一个双键，而是介于单键与双键之间的。
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We already moved way forward and completely revolutionizing the understanding of an atom in that there's something in an atom - it's not the smallest thing there is.
我们已经超前走了一步,完全改变我们对原子的看法：,原子里面还有东西，它并不是最小的,但你也知道。
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However, on Friday we will use a different approach so we can talkabout bonding within atoms that have more than two atoms, molecules with more than two atoms.
但是，在周五我们,会用一种新的办法来讨论,不止两个原子的分子的成键。
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So we need to go to this second case where we're instead going to think about electronegativity, and we want to think about which atom is the most electronegative.
因此我们需要转到这个第二种情况,来考虑一下电负性，我们需要想想哪个原子的电负性是最高的。
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That is to say the instant atom arrangement.
也就是原子的几何排布类型。
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He saw that if you take the atomic mass of chlorine, 2 add it to the atomic mass of iodine, divide by two, you get something that is really close to the atomic mass of bromine.
他看到，如果你将氯的原子质量，加上碘的原子质量，除以，得到的数将与,溴的原子质量很接近。
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So, this means we have the general trends down, so we should be able to look at actual atoms in our periodic table and graph them and see that they match up with our trends.
那么，这表示我们已经知道了大体的规律，现在我们可以来看看周期表中的,原子的实际情况，并把它们画出来,看看是否与我们的规律相符。
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And what we've been talking about with all of these properties are, of course, how can we figure out what that is for a certain atom by looking at the periodic table, so we want to think about the periodic trend for atomic radius.
对于我们讲过的这些性质，我们所讨论的一直都是,当然是，我们如何能够判断某一个原子的这些性质,通过观察周期表，因此我们需要思考一下原子半径的周期性规律。
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So, here we have the area of the nuclei we'll figure out adding those all together versus the space of all of the atoms put together.
有原子核的面积,通过除以所有原子的,总面积。
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However, I can give you at least one example while we're still on just talking about atoms.
然而，我至少可以给大家举一个例子,这仍然是仅仅关于原子的。
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Can we explain why the ones that do break down break down and the ones that don't break down don't break down?
我们能解释,为什么那个分裂了的原子分裂了,而没分裂的原子没有分裂吗
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So it looks like most of you got that the electron configuration that we're writing here is for copper.
看来大多数人,都看出了,这是铜原子的电子排布。
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We started talking about these on Wednesday, and what we're going to start with is considering specifically the wave functions for multi-electron atoms.
我们从周三开始讨论这些，而且我们将要以特别地考虑,多电子原子的波函数,为开始。
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So, one we finish our discussion of how we think about multi-electron atoms, we can go right on and start talking about these other things.
一旦我们结束了,多电子原子的讨论,我们马上就可以,开始讨论这些问题。
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So, that's actually the electron configuration we have when we're talking about copper and some other exceptions in the periodic table that you're going to be looking at.
因此，这才是铜原子真正的电子排布,而且我们在元素周期表中,会看到与铜原子类似的,其他例外的情况。
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The reason is because the predominant force at this point is going to be the attraction that's being felt between the nuclei and the electrons in each of the atoms.
这是因为这时候最主要的力,是吸引力，它来自于,其中一个原子的电子与另外一个原子的原子核之间。
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We could also figure out the formal charges, and obviously the formal charges between these two atoms, they're going to be identical, we're only dealing with oxygen atoms here.
我们还可以把形式电荷算出来，显然这两个原子的形式电荷，应该是完全相同的，我们要处理的只有氧这一种原子。
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Step three in our Lewis structure rules is to figure out how many electrons we would need in order for every single atom in our molecule to have a full valence shell.
路易斯结构规则的第三步是,找出让分子中每个原子的价壳层,都排满应该需要多少个价电子。
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