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if we can't think what system it belongs to, that's tantamount to saying we really don't know what it is.
我们就不知道它从属于哪个符号系统，我们就不能认识它了。
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Thermodynamicstalks about equilibrium systems and how to go from one state of equilibrium to another state of equilibrium.
热力学研究的是平衡系统,以及如何,从一个平衡态转变到另一个平衡态。
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You can go to medical school. And then,this is the specialty topics that pertain to the devices engineering systems.
你可以去上医学院，到时,这个专业的课题就从属于,设备工程系统。
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And therefore as a system, the difference between Israel's God and the gods of Israel's neighbors was not merely quantitative. It was qualitative.
而从系统上看来，以色列上帝和其他国家的神之间的区别,不只是数量上的，更是性质上的。
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It's a biological system that you've engineered from taking cells from one organism and cloning them and developing a whole other organism.
所谓生物系统的工程化,就是从一种生物体内中取出细胞并克隆,将它们培养成为另一个有机整体
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They borrow the characters from what had been already something quite close to an alphabet and had only a relatively small number.
他们从十分接近字母系统的书写体系中,借来字符使用,而这些字符相对较少
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Starting next week you'll actually be using a cluster Cloud CS50 net of systems that CS50 itself runs called Cloud.CS50.net.
从下周开始你将使用一个运行CS50的系统群集,称为。
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For instance, when we deal with one another in a legal and a moral setting, we think in terms of free will and responsibility.
举个例子,当我们在一套法律和道德系统中,与其他人相处时,我们会从自由意志和责任的角度进行思考
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It's not something that people have always thought about in a systematic way.
人们不是,从一开始就会系统地思考它。
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So the temperature is intensive, and you can make intensive properties out of the extensive properties by dividing by the numberof moles in the system.
所以温度是强度量，你可以通过,除以系统中物质的摩尔数,来从广延量中导出强度量。
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All the energies are negative because it is a bound system. I start up here with n equals one.
所有能量级都是负数，因为它是一个束缚系统,在这里我从n等于1讲起。
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The total energy of the system, which we are going to get from postulate number four, which says the energy of the electron, which is the energy of the system, is the sum of the kinetic and the potential energy.
这个系统的总能量，也就是我们将从第四个假设中算出的能量，也就是电子运动产生的能量，也就是整个系统的能量，是动能和位能的总和。
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So first, let's start with the one that we already know, and make sure that it still works, starting from here, mainly our isolated system.
首先，我们从我们已知的一个例子入手，看看这个判据是否正确，从绝热系统出发。
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They're small molecules that - whose principal function in the body is to carry signals from one cell in the nervous system to another.
它们都是小分子,在体内主要功能是在,神经系统内将信号,从一个细胞传导到另一个细胞
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OK, so that means heat is being imparted to the system, right, from the surroundings in a manner that compensates exactly the amount of work done.
好，这表示系统,从外界吸热,吸收的热量与系统,对外做功的值相等。
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It either had work, got its heat from the surroundings, or it got worked on by the surroundings.
系统从环境中，得到热量。
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It turns out that when you're talking about macroscopic properties of matter, you don't need very many variables to describe the system completely thermodynamically.
实际上,当你谈及物质的宏观性质时，你并不需要很多变量才能从热力学上,完整地描述这个系统，’
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So it applies to macroscopic systems that are in equilibrium, and how to go from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state, and it's entirely empirical in its foundation.
因此，热力学研究的是平衡态的宏观系统,以及如何从,一个平衡态过渡到另一个平衡态，它完全是建立在经验的基础上的。
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So we could ask, in this narrow sense, what properties do languages have and then go on to ask, in a broader sense, what other communicative systems also possess those properties.
我们可以发问,从狭义上说,语言拥有何种特性,然后我们可以接着发问,从广义上说,哪些其他的交流系统也同样拥有那些特性
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A problem with adenoviruses is that your immune system recognizes them, and if your immune system recognizes the virus then it can attack the virus and eliminate it from the body.
关于腺病毒有个问题,免疫系统会识别腺病毒,如果免疫系统识别了这些病毒,就会进而攻击并从体内清除病毒
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They take this makeshift communication system developed by adults and, again, they turn it into a full-blown language, suggesting that to some extent it's part of our human nature to create languages.
他们继承了成人发展出来的临时交流系统,将这个临时交流系统,再次发展成一种成熟的语言,这表明从某种程度上来说,创造语言是我们人类本性的一部分
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I want to start with the nervous system.
我想从神经系统讲起
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There are processes that go from my nervous system, from my brain and spinal cord out to the tips of my fingers that allow me to move muscles there, or down to your toes.
神经系统中的有些突起可以,从大脑和脊髓一直延伸到,手指指端,以使我这里的肌肉能够运动,神经甚至会一直延伸到你的脚趾
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And here, in an isothermal expansion, The bath is putting back the energy that the gas is expanding or using to expand, and so the energy is flowing back into the gas through the environment in the isothermal expansion.
而在等温膨胀中，恒温环境将气体膨胀对外做功,而损失的能量又返还回来，在等温膨胀中,能量从环境,流向系统。
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So now let's try looking at something V2 where are V1 goes to V2.
现在我们考察一个过程,这个过程中系统的体积从V1变到。
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We'll talk about artificial organs and we'll talk about systems biology or thinking about how to acquire information for things like gene chips and use that information to understand what's happening in a complex organism like you.
我们会讨论到人造器官和系统生物学,并探讨如何从基因芯片中得到信息,并利用这些信息了解,人体作为一种复杂有机体的内在变化
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If you take an organ from one person and put it in another, if their MHC molecules don't match then the immune system recognizes the immune system of the host recognizes 'this is not the right MHC for me' and the immune tries to destroy those cells.
如果将器官从一个人移植到另一个人,免疫系统识别出MHC分子并不匹配,宿主的免疫系统就会说,这不是我的MHC,免疫系统就会试着摧毁移植器官的细胞
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