So we're going to feel a higher z effective in the case of the ion compared to the neutral atom.

因此，我们在离子中,会比在中性原子中感受到更高的有效核电量。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

It turns out, and we're going to get the idea of shielding, so it's not going to actually +18 feel that full plus 18, but it'll feel a whole lot more than it will just feel in terms of a hydrogen atom where we only have a nuclear charge of one.

结果是我们会有,屏蔽的想法,所以它不会是完整的，但是它会比原子核电荷量,吸引力要大很多,只有1的氢原子的。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

Now these quantities were useful because you could relate them. The slope of changes, with respect to volume or temperature of the energy with respect to quantities that you understood, that you could measure.

去得到这些量,这些量很有用，而且你们已经知道了，怎么把它们相互联系起来,像这种比例形式的量，能量比上温度或体,或其它你们懂的可以测量量。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

Things like grain, people--- the children are eating less then they should.

而像谷物之类的,人们,孩子们也比推荐量吃得少

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

I rather suspect that people who have less than the average of something, it hurts them more than it benefits the people who have more than the average of something.

我怀疑那些,在某些东西上得到少于平均量的人，比在某些东西上得到多于平均量的人,感受到的痛苦更大。

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

And so they defined them, p after many experiments, the limit of this 0 delta T delta p and the limit of delta p goes to zero as the Joule-Thomson coefficient.

他们定义了这些量，以及它们的范围，ΔT比Δ,Δp的极限趋近于,叫做焦耳-汤姆逊系数。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

And it turns out that if we have a, for example, for s, a very large z effective or larger z effective than for 2 p, and we plug in a large value here in the numerator, that means we're going to end up with a very large negative number.

结果是如果我们有一个，举例来说对于s一个很大的有效电荷量或者,比2p大的有效电荷量，并且我们将一个较大的值代入计算器，那意味着我们最后会得到,一个非常大的负数。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选