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And on this side, we're going to write out an engine, and we're going to say this is a Carnot engine.
在这边，我们画出一个热机，是卡诺热机。
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like Noe Valley or Castro, Pacific Heights, Laurel Hill, they're all like really prestigious neighborhoods.
诺伊谷、卡斯楚区、太平洋岗、劳勒希尔山区都是很有名的社区。
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If you go to any coffee store in America and you ask them, "How many cappuccinos did you sell today?"
如果你去美国的任何咖啡店,你问他们，“你们今天卖出多少杯卡布奇诺？“
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We would know as a fact that George Washington threw a silver dollar across the Rappahannock River, except that it's impossible.
我们知道乔治华盛顿曾将一枚银币抛过,拉帕汉诺克河,但这明显是不可能的
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One is our Carnot engine as we've seen it, and the other is just any other reversible engine.
一个是我们已经学过的卡诺热机，另一个是任何一个其它可逆热机。
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We have to read--poor Lynda has to take this kind of stuff— reading Aristoxenus and things like this.
我们必须去阅读,比如我们可怜的琳达,亚里士多塞诺斯之类的作品
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There is a Homburg and there is a Borsalino, Here's Bohr mixing it up with royalty.
一个是汉堡帽，一个是博尔萨利诺帽，这是波尔和皇室人员。
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That's Spinoza on Machiavelli, because "he was favorable to liberty" and that the book, he says, is kind of a satire on princely rule.
那就是斯宾诺莎对马基雅维利的理解，因为,他推崇自由，而关于《君主论》，他说道，某种程度上是对君主统治的讽刺。
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And from the point of view of the rest of us, the consumers, this Cournot quantity is worse than perfect competition but better than monopoly.
而从消费者的角度来看,古诺均衡劣于完全竞争,但优于垄断情况
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All right, the idea that taxation is theft, Nozick takes that point one step further.
很好，关于税收是盗窃这个观点，诺齐克要更进一步。
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What he shows-- Daniel Kahneman he and others including Daniel Kahneman, Nobel prize winner-- show is that wealth matters very little to our levels of wellbeing.
他的研究显示…,他和其他人，包括诺奖得主-,表明财富对幸福水平的影响很小。
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And he excludes other books he calls gnostic books.
他还排斥了所谓的诺斯替教书籍。
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They also went back to the El Camino Community College Library and they interviewed the librarians and tried to ask them, do you remember somebody coming here that didn't look like a student?
他们还找到埃尔卡米诺学院图书馆,还询问了图书管理员,是否有看起来不像学生的人,来过图书馆呢
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He returns us to the lowly perspective that Galileo had when he set up his telescope in that other valley, Valdarno, and it's this lowly vantage point that's beautiful in part because it's a fallen perspective, not in spite of the fact that it's a fallen perspective.
他让我们回到伽利略和他在另一个村庄,瓦尔达诺设置望远镜的较低的层面，这个低下的认为这个层面存在美感的观点,是因为这是一个堕落的观点，而不是因为堕落的事实。
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and I went to Norwich. There's a university there called UEA. It was very good.
于是我去了诺维奇。那里有个大学叫东英吉利大学。那个大学非常好。
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Now, this was research done by Norbert Schwarz and... here's the question I want you to ask yourself, " "How much do you like this person?"
这是诺伯特·施瓦兹所做的研究。,现在请大家问问自己，“你们有多么爱这个人“
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And they type in "cappuccino" on a little terminal, which is basically a calculator on top of the cash box, and then they get $3.24 from that. They get a receipt.
他们在一个小终端机上输入“卡布奇诺“,那个终端机不过是个收银盒上价格计算器而已，他们划走了3。24美元，打出一张凭条。
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Linear A is earlier and it is associated with and it is clearly the language used by the Minoan kings at Knossos and other places.
类线形文字出现得较早,而且它已被确定与克诺索斯或其他地区的,米诺斯时期国王们所使用的语言有一定的关联
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So the first step to doing that is I want to just generalize our results so far for a Carnot cycle.
第一步,首先来推广一下,卡诺循环的结果。
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Vallombrosa literally means "shady valley," and I think it recalls Galileo's shady place, Valdarno, another valley.
瓦隆布罗萨字面上的意思是“成荫的村庄“,我认为这使人想起了伽利略阴暗的处所，另一个村子，瓦尔达诺。
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Robert Nozick, one of the libertarian philosophers we read for this course, puts it this way: Individuals have rights.
罗伯特·诺齐克，本课涉及到的一位自由主义哲学家,是这样说的：,个人有权利。
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So from the point of view of the producers, this Cournot Equilibrium is worse than monopoly, but better than perfect competition.
从生产者的角度来看,古诺均衡劣于垄断,优于完全竞争
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The same thing is true of Knossos in Crete, and perhaps a few other sites in Crete.
同样的事情也发生在克里特的克诺索斯,或者克里特岛其他地区
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Or, if you don't believe Spinoza, if you don't believe his authority is sufficient, consider someone who you'll be reading in a couple of weeks, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, from the Social Contract.
或者，假如你不相信斯宾诺莎，假如你不信,他的权威性，那么想一想几星期之后,你们将要读到的一个人，让·雅克·卢梭，在《社会契约论》中。
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I would've thought, given the evidence of what Bogdanovich says in that documentary, for instance, if the 4 to 5 minutes has not been cut, it might have been better than Citizen Kane, and maybe one of the few greatest movies that he ever made, maybe the greatest movie, who knows.
举个例子，通过博格达诺维奇,在纪录片中的讲述，如果那45分钟,没有被剪，它可能会比,《公民凯恩》要好，也可能是,他最好的几部电影之一，也可能是最好的，谁知道呢。
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So, the engine that I'm going to illustrate is called a Carnot engine.
这个热机,叫做卡诺热机。
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So generalize our Carnot engine results.
让我们推广卡诺热机的结果。
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Nozick says, if you think about it, taxation amounts to the taking of earnings.
仔细想想，诺齐克说征税相当于强占收入。
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I'll increase my production then; I'll be pretty close to the Cournot equilibrium.
我会增加产量,会非常接近古诺均衡产量
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