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This cation is attracting the chloride next to it and it is repelling the sodium as the next nearest neighbor.
这一阳离子被邻近的氯离子所吸引,并排斥钠离子,因为这是其最邻近的离子。
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We started with gaseous sodium to make gaseous sodium ion and gaseous atomic chlorine to make gaseous chloride ion through electron transfer.
我们从气态的钠开始,得到气态的钠离子,从气态的氯原子,通过电子转移得到氯离子。
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So the last thing I want to mention today is how we can think about electron configurations for ions.
今天我想提到的最后一件事,就是我们怎样考虑离子的,电子构型。
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Because there are ions moving back and forth, there's a current that flows and there's a electrical potential that's generated.
由于离子的进进出出,就产生了电流流动,并且形成了电势差
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So now, let's get a sodium here, and the chloride ion next to it to the point where they are touching.
所以，我们要有一个钠离子，和氯离子放在,相互接触的一个点上。
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I can take you and immediately start designing batteries, because we need ions in motion, we need small ions in motion.
我可以从此让你快速起步设计电池，因为我们需要能运动的离子，我们需要能运动的小型离子。
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But, can you see that as you get really close together the negative electronic cloud surrounding the two ions start to sense one another.
然后当你真的让它们,离得很近时,这两个离子周围的负电子云能感应到对方。
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Negative 1 plus 0 should add up to negative 1, if in fact, we're correct for the c n anion.
负一加上零应该等于负一，如果是这样，我们对于氰离子的结果就是正确的。
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And all ion channels are selective for a single type of ion, and we can think about how that selectivity takes place, and that's where this idea of atomic radius is going to become very important.
所有的离子通道都是仅对某一种离子具有选择性的，而我们可以来想一想这种选择性是如何发生的，这也就是原子半径这个概念将会变得，非常重要的地方。
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And, that's given by the balance between the attractive force of the ions offset by the repulsive force in the electronic shells.
而那是由,在离子的电子层之间的,引力和斥力相互抵消得到的。
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The ones that are most important in physiology are ones that only allow ions to go through: sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, bicarbonate.
在生理学上这种,只能允许某种离子通过的通道十分重要,这些离子包括钠离子,钾离子,氯离子,钙离子和碳酸氢根离子
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So, basically any time we have a really high positive number of electron affinity, it means that that atom or ion really wants to gain another electron, and it will be very stable and happy if it does so.
因此，基本上无论什么时候,只要我们有一个很大的正的电子亲和能，这就意味着这个原子,或离子非常希望得到一个电子，如果它得到了，会变得更稳定更开心。
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Aluminum and magnesium are both made by ionic liquid electrolysis, just as I showed you last day.
铝和镁都是,由离子液体电解而成，就像我昨天讲的。
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Remember in the ion, we're going to have less electrons around to counteract the pull from the nucleus.
还记得在这个离子中，在原子核周围,抵消它吸引力的电子更少。
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So, that also tells us that the n minus ion is less stable than the neutral atom itself.
而且，这还告诉我们,负一价的氮离子不如中性氮原子稳定。
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So, somewhere in between, the bonds are, we have a range of bonds between ionic on the one hand, and perfectly covalent on the other hand.
因此在中间，这些键，一方面是离子性，另一方面是完美的共价键。
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And this is just a picture showing some of these sizes with their parent. So, for example, a lithium here, you can see how lithium plus is smaller than the actual lithium atom in its neutral state.
这是一张对比图,展示某些离子与它们的母体，比如，这里是锂，大家可以看到正一价锂离子是多么的小,与中性锂原子相比。
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If you flip the Periodic Table over you will have the ionization energy of sodium, first ionization energy, 5eV and it is about 5 eV which, when you convert, 496kJ/mol is a whopping 496 kilojoules per mole.
如果浏览周期表,你可以得到钠的离子化能，第一电离能，大约，当你转换的时候，是巨大的。
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so it's important to note that it's not in b, now we're talking about b plus, because we've already taken an electron out here.
其中有一个非常重要的地方需要注意，不是硼，而是正一价硼离子，因为我们已经拿走了一个电子了。
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Or you can talk about the gate being open, and in this case, you can see that you will have an influx of ions.
或者你可以说闸门是打开的，就像这种情况，可以看到有离子通过它流入细胞。
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In addition, the kidney controls the composition of your body of many important ions, sodium bicarbonate which is important in pH balance, potassium.
此外肾脏还能控制,体内很多重要离子的浓度,例如碳酸氢钠,它对于酸碱平衡十分重要,还有钾离子
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However, when that gate is opened, the sodium channel is now going to be incredibly selective and only let through sodium ions and no other type of ion.
但是，当闸门打开的时候，钠离子通道,将会有极高的选择性,不允许除钠离子以外的任何其它离子通过。
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So we haven't gotten to molecules yet, we're just talking about single atoms or single ions, but what's nice is just talking about this very straightforward principle of atomic radius.
我们还没有开始讲分子，我们仍然只是在讨论单个原子或离子，但它的好处在于可以讨论,这个关于原子半径的非常简单直接的原理。
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So chlorine, if we talk about it in terms of electron affinity, we would be writing that we're actually gaining an electron here, and getting the ion, c l minus.
那么，氯，如果我们要讨论它的电子亲和能，我们会假设它真的得到了,一个电子而变成离子，负一价的氯。
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And, this minimum here is what gives us the value of the inter-electrode separation, the inter-ion separation.
这个最小值就是,电极间距离的值，离子间距离的值。
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We can already use that in terms of single ions to think about a really complex biological issue, which is to talk about ion channels.
我们已经能够仅仅凭借这个关于单个离子的原理,来讨论一个非常复杂的生物问题了，我们要讨论的就是离子通道。
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These gas ions, if you take gas ions, these gas ions, if you take gas ions, gas ions of opposite charge will necessarily agglomerate without limit.
这些气态离子，如果你得到气态离子的话，如果你得到这些气态离子，具有相反电荷的气态离子,将必然会无限地聚集。
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What all of these channels have is what's called a selectivity filter, so this filter filters out the type of ion that's going to be allowed through.
这些离子通道都有的一部分,就是所谓的选择性过滤器，这个过滤器,会滤过允许穿过的离子。
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And what I am going to do is say start with this ion, add up the energy associated with the interactions between that ion and everybody else in the row and then multiply it by Avogadro's number, because that is the number of atoms there are in a row.
接下来我要从这一离子开始，加上相互作用的能量，也就是这一离子,和其它所有在这一行的离子之间的能量,再乘以阿伏加德罗常数，因为这是在一行的原子的数量。
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So, in other words, this c l minus is actually lower in energy than the reactants were.
也就是说，负一价氯离子,比原来的反应物的能量更低。
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