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And it turns out that the dog— when they zapped part of its brain, its leg would kick up.
结果是那只狗,当研究者们电击某个大脑区域时,狗的四肢便会乱踢起来
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the police actually came and the Yale student was tasered by the police,
警察竟然来了，而且这个耶鲁的学生还被警察的电击枪打中，
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The learner protests as he's being shocked more and more but the experimenter continues to request obedience.
随着被电击次数增多，学习者抗议了,但实验者继续要求他服从。
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Some of the most important fascinating studies in the field of psychology where a person off the street was told by an experimenter to shock another person, even to the point where the other person is screaming to stop.
两者都是心理学领域,最精彩的研究，在街上随便找个人,在实验者的指示去电击另一个人，甚至电击到另一个人尖叫恳求停止。
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Yeah, and if you could get to choose your own shock level, you could keep--then very, very few people go all the way.
如果可以自己选择电击强度，很少人会选择高强度的。
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Recall you get less of an effect if you have to touch the guy but distance makes it easier for you to kill him.
刚才讲过如果你要碰被电击者，可能性就降低,但隔着距离，你就更容易下手。
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If you have to put the guy's hand on it, you're less likely to kill him.
如果你要把被电击者的手放在上面，你电死他的可能性会降低。
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And he zapped other parts of the brain; people would claim to hear sounds; and other parts of the brain, people would claim to experience touch.
当他电击另一些另一些大脑区域时,被试会声称听到了声音,而如果电击了其他的某些大脑区域,被试会声称感受到触碰
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So, these are an important list of factors as to the factors that can make somebody less likely to bring it up to the killing level.
这些都是很重要的影响因素,它们能使电击者,进行致命电击的可能性降低。
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As the teacher is with the learner next to him, it goes down.
如果电击者与被电击者一起,站在被电者击旁边，致命电击次数减少。
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You remember from the movie nobody got pleasure from giving the shocks.
你们在电影里也看到，没有人喜欢,对被电击者进行电击。
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They don't know--They think that they're teaching somebody in a memory game but actually the person who is being shocked is a confederate who is trained to react in certain ways as he's being increasingly shocked.
他们不知道…他们以为,他们是在用记忆游戏来教被电击者,但其实被电击者早就和设计实验的人串通好,当电击者电击的次多增多时,他就会装成相应的样子。
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He started zapping it and "Boom."
他开始对大脑进行电击,然后突然之间
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They weren't liking doing this.
他们不喜欢电击别人。
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If the experimenter gives you instructions by phone, you're less likely to do it.
如果实验者通过电话指示你电击，你电击的可能性就减少。
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But if you take an animal and you give it a new food and then you shock it very painfully it won't avoid the new food.
但如果你给动物吃一种新食物,然后电击它，令其感到疼痛,它仍然会进食这种食物。
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There was distance between the learner and the experimenter.
还有电击者与被电击者之间的距离。
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Here is a cartoon which actually illustrates a classic experiment by some physiologists who for some reason had a dog's brain opened up and started shocking different parts of the brain.
这是张卡通图画,实际上描绘了一个由生理学家,所做过的经典实验,出于某种原因,他们切开一只狗的大脑,对不同的大脑区域进行电击
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These people left the lab having learnt about themselves that they'll kill another person if someone tells them to, and as psychologists I don't think we have any right to do that to people.
这些电击者离开实验时发现,如果有人叫他们去杀人，他们真的会杀，作为心理学家,我们没权对他人做出这种行为。
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If an ordinary man, not the guy in a white lab coat but an ordinary guy, says, "Hey, keep shocking him, that's okay," you're less likely to do it, and if there is a rebellion, if somebody else rebels and says, "I won't do it," you are much more likely not to do it yourself.
如果是一个普通人，不是穿白大褂的,只是一个普通人说，”继续电击他，没问题的“,你进行电击的可能性会减少，如果有电击者反抗，如果有电击者不听命令说”我不电击“,你电击的可能性就更低。
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More than that, when he zapped other parts of the brain, people would claim to see colors.
不仅如此,当他电击其他的大脑区域时,被试会声称看到了不同的颜色
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Because they said the experiment must go on, very often, people went-- most people, Americans went on and shocked that person, even to the point of the other person whimpering and begging to be let out, simply because of the word, " "the experiment must go on".
因为他们说实验必须进行下去，经常的，人们会-,多数人，美国人都会继续电击那个人，甚至电击到另一个人哭泣,恳求放他出去，仅仅是因为那一句，“实验必须进行下去。
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Now, when the first chimpanzee hits the lever the second chimpanzee gets a painful electric shock, putting the first chimpanzee in a horrible dilemma.
当第一只黑猩猩拍杠杆时,第二只黑猩猩就会受到痛苦的电击，这样第一只黑猩猩就进退两难了。
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If you take it away from Yale, some of the authority goes away, and similarly, the extent to which there are fatal shocks goes down.
如果你不告诉电击者这个实验是耶鲁的，给电击者少一点权威感，得出的效果是相似的,那就是致命电击次数会减少。
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And the finding is that the majority of people will deliver fatal shocks to this person who they had never met based on the instructions of another person.
实验结果表明大部份人,会对这个从来没见过的人进行致命电击,根据的是另一个人的指示。
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People did say they were happy to have participated and only 2% said that they were sorry, but still serious damage could have been done and perhaps was done.
但确实有人说他们很高兴能参与实验,只有2%的人说他们感到难过，但这个实验可能对电击者造成严重的伤害,也许已经造成了。
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The notion of a self-assured experimenter-- The results would be very different if the experimenter himself seemed nervous, unwilling to proceed, confused, but he was confident and he kept saying that he will take responsibility.
还有电击者的自信程度-,实验结果会大为不同，如果电击者,紧张，不愿进行电击，迷惑，但电击者很有信心，不停地说,他会承担责任。
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Shocks, "slight shock" to "XXX."
电击，对“XXX”进行“轻微电击”
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