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The modern state, as we have come to understand it, is based upon the separation of civil society from governing authority.
我们所了解的现代国家，是根据,区隔公民社会与统治当局的角度来看。
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Hobbes provided us with the definitive language in which even today we continue to speak about the modern state.
霍布斯提供了一种权威性的概念,而直到今天,我们依然用它来描述现代国家。
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Even though decentralized England expands its bureaucracy and collected taxes much more efficiently than across the channel in France, state-making involved more officials there.
即使是在分权的英国 官僚政府也日益扩大,他们比海峡对岸的法国有着更多苛捐杂税,现代国家的形成需要更多的官员
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In these states, the modern world began to take form.
在这些国家中,现代世界的体制开始形成
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So, again, all together, this is the basis for modern chemistry, and examples I just gave you, are some of the things that modern chemists are working on -- some of the issues that our country faces and our world faces, and how chemistry is involved in that.
所以说,所有的这些就是现代化学最基本的基础，我刚给你们介绍的例子,都是现代化学正在研究的东西,一些我们国家和全世界面临的问题，以及它们和化学的关系。
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That efficient metabolism that banks calories is highly efficient, highly important, highly adaptable, under circumstances where food is scarce, but not efficient and not adaptive under modern food conditions in the developed world.
能高效存储能量的代谢系统,在食品短缺的情况下,非常重要,有着较强的适应能力,但却不能适应,现代发达国家的食品环境
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But Hobbes lived at a time when the modern system of European states even as we understand them today, was just beginning to emerge.
霍布斯生活在一个时代,这个时代中，现代欧洲国家,就像我们今天理解的这样，已经快要出现了。
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But many, particularly two-- bureaucracies and powerful standing military forces-- are characteristics of modern states.
这些变革,尤其是官僚机构和强大的军队,这两方面是现代国家的特征
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Hobbes, again, along with Machiavelli, was one of the great architects of the modern state.
霍布斯，再一次，同马基雅维利一样，是现代国家的伟大建构者。
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The modern state in action, the absolute state in action is the army.
现代国家,或者说极权的运作,实际上就是军队的运作
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Hobbes, in other words, tried to render acceptable, tried to render palatable, what Machiavelli had done by providing a more precise and more legal and institutional framework for the modern state.
霍布斯，换句话说，试图去变得易于接受，试图去变得更加愉快，马基雅维利的做法是,给现代国家提供一个,更加精确，更加法定的机构性框架。
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As I already suggested, and I would insist upon this again, that the consolidation of territorial rulers had already given the basis to an expanding, more formalized state structure, even in England.
我提到过 现在再强调一遍,国家的兼并,君权的加强为一个日益庞大,更有章法的现代国家的形成奠定了基础,在英格兰也是如此
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What we might call today the modern state.
我们在今日可称之为现代国家。
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He seems, in this way, to anticipate what we might think of as the modern welfare state that public assistance be provided, and the poor, not simply depend on the private goodwill of the others.
如此看来,霍布斯已经预见到了,我们现代社会国家福利制度的出现，穷人不只依靠个人的善意施舍度日,更多的是求助于国家提供的福利保障。
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Now, one of the points I made last week, for those of you who were here, is that one of the themes that ties European history together is the growth of the modern state, of state-making.
上节课来了的人可能记得,我谈到一个观点,现代国家的形成和民族国家的构建,是联系欧洲历史的一个主题
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This account should be instantly recognizable as the state of modern democracy in some ways.
这种解释应可立即,从现代的民主国家中辨识出来。
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Machiavelli is the founder, the discoverer, the inventor of the modern state.
马奇亚维利是创始人，发明人，他发明了现代国家。
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Hobbes gives us the definitive language of the modern state.
他对我们如何理解现代国家,具有决定性作用。
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So, the modern state, as we know it and still have it, in many ways grew out of the Hobbesian desire for security and the fear of death that can only be achieved at the expense of the desire for honor and glory.
所以我们知道的现代国家的建立,正如霍布斯所论,是人们对安全的渴求而导致的,只要一个人仍对荣誉有着强烈的渴求,他就永远不会对死亡产生恐惧。
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