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That means that this temperature right here is the absolute lowest temperature you can go to that physically makes any sense.
是物理上不可能的状态,也就是说这一点,对应的温度是物理上。
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So this unique temperature and unique pressure defines a triple point everywhere, and that's a great reference point.
这样，无论在何处,三相点都具有相同的温度和压强,十分适合来作参考点。
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That is to say brick work in high temperature furnaces, maybe tiles on the Shuttle, to resist high temperatures because of the high internal bonding.
它在能够承受高温炉的温度，例如瓷砖，能够耐受高温,因为它们有强的内部键作用。
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That's another invention of the 1600s, by the way-- the thermometer. And they learned that concept-- perfectly natural to us--temperature.
顺便说一下,温度计也是十七世纪的发明,那时候的人才刚刚开始理解温度的概念,虽然对我们来说这是个很自然的概念
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You ignite the food and burn it, and you see how many degrees centigrade the water gets raised, and that's the measure of calories.
点燃食物使其燃烧,然后观察水的温度上升了多少,就测量了这种食物的卡路里
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So if you know a temperature F in Fahrenheit, you can output Celsius.
如果你知道一个华氏温度的温度值，你们输出摄氏温度。
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When the temperature gets above the level you want it to be.
就在当温度超过你想要的温度时
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Yet, the temperature goes up. So, I can have a temperature change which is an adiabatic temperature change.
它与外界不会，有物质或者能量的流动,然而系统的温度升高了。
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We could just collect a bunch of data. For a material .What's the volume it occupies at some pressure and temperature?
对一种物质我们可以得到一系列测量数据,在给定的温度和气压下,它的体积是什么？
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The only function it is -- it doesn't care where the gas is. It only cares where the temperature is.
是温度的函数,它只是温度的函数,不管是什么气体。
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And it's not hard to see how the heat of reaction at room temperature can be related to they heat of reaction at other temperatures.
知道室温下的反应热,如何与其他温度下的反应,热联系起来这点并不困难。
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Avogadro was a professor of chemistry at the University of Turin who did a lot of work on gas laws, understanding the number of gas particles in a given volume at a given temperature.
阿伏加德罗是一个化学教授,在都灵大学,他做了很多关于气体定律的研究，了解气体微粒,在特定的容量和温度下的数目。
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In principle, this value, this efficiency, can approach 1 as the low temperature approaches absolute zero.
这个值，效率，当低温热源的温度1,是据对零度时可以达到一。
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Your plant is going to blow up, because the ideal gas law works only in very small range of pressures and temperatures for most gases.
理想气体定律,只在一个很小的压强,与温度的范围内适用。
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And that will end up winning out at basically any realistic temperature where the stuff really is a gas.
在体系仍然处于气体状态的温度下,熵战胜了能量。
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B=0 There's going to be some temperature where B is equal to zero. In that case, your gas is going to look awfully like an ideal gas.
在某个温度,这时，实际气体的表现，十分接近理想气体,高于这一温度它是正的。
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And so, again, we see a temperature increase, and we know the work, and the temperature increase, it's a constant pressure thing.
好，我们看到温度升高了，然后我们有做功量和温度的升高量，这是一个恒定压力下的值。
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OK, so we have constant temperature, because it's isothermal.
好，现在系统有恒定的温度，因为它是绝热的。
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That is, it's easy to write down straight away that dG with respect to temperature at constant pressure S is minus S.
这就是说，可以很简单的写出dG在,恒定压强下对温度的偏导数,是负。
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A It tells me that the partial of A with respect to T at constant V is minus S. Right?
他告诉我们,在恒定体积下对温度的微分等于负S，对吗？
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Because so much of what we do in chemistry does take place with constant temperature and pressure.
因为化学中我们所做的很多东西,都是在恒定的温度和压强下进行的。
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And our other reference point is the triple point of water - reference points become zero Kelvin, absolute zero, and the triple point.
而使用绝对零度,它与压强无关,是最低的温度，另一个参考点是水的三相点。
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p Well, it's not just p dS/dV because there's some dS/dV at constant T.
它不是简单的,因为式子中还包含，恒定温度下的。
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We call that inversion because on one side you end up cooling if you compress.
因为在这个温度的一边,当你压缩气体时气体降温。
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And so for many, many problems, especially on exams, especially on this first exam, you will be able to say that this is the relationship between internal energy and temperature.
对于很多问题，特别是考试中的问题，你们要能够说出来,这是内能与温度的关系。
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Pressure has dropped out of the picture completely here. So there is no p dependence here.
理想气体的H只是温度的函数,这对于真实气体来说是。
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Eventually we want the same relationship in the pressure and volume.
我们需要的是,压强和温度间的关系。
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But now, so this is where the refrigeration comes in. So if you take a gas, and you're below the inversion temperature and you make it go through this irreversible process, the gas comes out colder from that side than that side.
这就是冰箱的原理,如果在低于转变温度,的情况下我们将气体经过,这个不可逆过程,气体出来的温度将比这边低。
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That u is a function of temperature only.
内能只是温度的函数。
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Well that process of control to maintain a constant environment inside our body, whether it's an environment of constant mass or constant composition, or constant temperature, is called homeostasis.
这个控制过程维持着,体内环境的恒定,不论是内环境中物质的量的稳定,或者成分的稳定,或温度的稳定,这种状态叫做内稳态
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