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And he's parodying both kinds of response in this novel, so in that sense, the novel is very much of its time.
在小说中他模仿了两种方式的应答，从这个意义上说这本小说很有它的时代价值。
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So, there's no absolutes about this, this is a general response where all the features can be different with different pathogens.
这其中并没有明确的规律,免疫应答是普遍存在的,但针对不同的病原体的应答规律各不相同
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So in return to, we have a slight variance here, -- where I'm defining apparently -- declaring a function called cube.
作为应答，这里我们有一点变化，这里我显然定义了-,声明了一个叫做cube的函数。
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And then there is this very political response.
接着就有了这样，政治性的应答。
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What I want you to remember is that specific sub-populations of cells get activated, the activation results in a specific response.
我希望你们记住的是,一些特定的细胞亚群受到刺激时,被激活细胞将引起特定的应答
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Now, just--what this diagram also shows you is that that response is specific to that particular antigen.
看,就像这幅图表展示的一样,免疫应答是针对特定的抗原
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And those words mean different things: immunogenic means that it stimulates your immune system for a response; pathogenic means that it causes a disease.
这两个词有不同的意义,免疫效应是指,刺激免疫系统产生免疫应答,致病性意指它能使你患病
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That's why every-- development of every specific vaccine turns out to be different because they don't all follow exactly this kind of time course.
这就是为什么,每一种疫苗的发展都是不同的,因为疫苗诱导产生应答所需时间各不相同
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That would be a subunit vaccine because I'm purifying a subunit of the virus that could be injected and hopefully induce an immune response.
那将会产生疫苗,因为我提取的是病毒的亚基,可以被注射并且有可能引发免疫应答
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It's not just that your whole immune system gets revved up and it's going to respond more rapidly to any antigen it's exposed to.
并不是整个免疫系统都得以加强,免疫应答会对,以前接触过的抗原做出的应答更加迅速
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Probably it wouldn't, you would probably get a little bit sick anyway, but recover.
或许免疫应答还做不到这一点,你可能仍会小病一场,但很快就康复
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Now, t-cells are also involved in humoral immunity but they're not the end result.
细胞也参与体液免疫,但它并不是体液免疫的最终应答结果
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That shouldn't be too surprising given what we talked about last week, that your immune system, the adaptive immune system in particular, responds to individual antigens differently.
你们不必惊讶,上周我们讲过免疫系统,特别是适应性免疫系统,对不同抗原的应答是具有特异性的
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Yeah, so you're asking, if for example, why do you need a booster of tetanus, because if I get exposed to tetanus wouldn't I have this rapid response?
所以你会问,举个例子来说,已经感染过破伤风杆菌的人,为什么仍然需要接种破伤风疫苗,身体不是应该马上对该病菌做出应答吗
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Basically, injecting it into some test subjects, making sure that they didn't get diseased from it and looking at antibody responses to see if it worked and it did.
他们把疫苗接种到测试对象体内,确定接种者不会感染疾病,同时观察抗体的应答反应,了解疫苗是否有效
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You would have this initial response, now that initial response might be too slow to prevent you from getting chickenpox.
你对水痘病毒产生初始应答,这种初始应答可能,过于缓慢,无法预防水痘
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There are proteins, for example, on the surface of some cells that bind insulin and respond to the presence of insulin.
比如说蛋白,有些细胞表面上的蛋白,捕获胰岛素并且对胰岛素进行应答
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We looked at the kinetics of this response, what happens in your body after you're exposed to an antigen.
我们曾学习过这种应答的效应,当人体遇到抗原后会发生怎样的变化
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Memory cells are long lasting cells that remember this exposure and can respond very quickly on second exposure.
记忆细胞可以长时间记忆与抗原的接触,并在再次免疫中迅速做出应答
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But because of the similarity of the viruses, the immune response that people developed would also protect them against natural infections with variola.
因为这两种病毒很相像,人体的免疫应答也能保护自己,免受天花的感染
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So, you couldn't introduce the live virus in because that would cause the disease not just immunity.
所以 不可以直接接种活体病毒,因为这会使人致病而不仅是引起免疫应答
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Some, like the smallpox vaccine on one exposure generates a very high response that lasts for many years so you don't need a boost.
有一些疫苗,比如接触一次天花疫苗后,人体就能产生高水平的免疫应答,并持续很多年,所以无需再次接种
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Now, why do you need a cell mediated immune response if you have an antibody response?
为什么你还要有细胞免疫反应呢,你已经有抗体应答了啊
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Then, your muscle cells would start producing Hepatitis B surface antigen and your immune system recognizing that's a foreign protein would start responding to it.
于是,肌肉细胞将会,开始制造乙肝表面抗原,然后免疫系统就会识别出,那是外来蛋白质并且产生免疫应答
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The response to the second exposure in antigen is different in a couple of ways.
第二次接触相同抗原,免疫系统的应答,在以下几个方面是不同的
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Because this is not a virus at all, but it's a virus subunit, your body doesn't respond to it as strongly, your immune system doesn't respond to it as strongly.
因为这根本不是病毒,而是一个病毒亚基,机体对其反应不是那么强烈,免疫系统不会产生强烈的应答
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Others generate a weaker response that does require boosting.
还有一些疫苗产生的免疫应答较弱,这种疫苗就需要再次接种
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The answer is "Yes you would", the question is "Would that response, even though it's much faster, be fast enough to protect you from the initial exposure to tetanus that you got?"
是的,你的身体会马上做出应答,问题是 即便免疫应答十分迅速,但是否足够迅速,以保护你不被破伤风杆菌感染
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But in any event, the vaccine is intended to stimulate the immune system to produce an effector response— either antibodies or specific cells— that can combat spread of the microorganism through your body.
但无论如何,疫苗是通过,刺激免疫系统来使身体产生应答,无论是抗体还是特定的细胞,都可以阻止微生物在体内扩散
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Hopefully their immune systems will respond to it like the real virus but it won't be capable of replication because we've chemically cross linked it so it can't go through its life cycle.
人体的免疫系统,就会对该病毒产生免疫应答,但灭活的病毒不能复制,因为我们已经对它做了化学处理,使它无法进入生命周期
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