But this is where for lack of a better term non-western countries really formally challenged at the highest levels and the lowest, too.

之所以这么说，是因为找不到更好的表达方式了,这表明非西方国家,从最高层面和最低层面都提出了挑战。

普林斯顿公开课 - 人性课程节选

It never lost entirely its original character as an insurgent movement, independent of the state and hostile to it, making claims that challenge the secular authority.

它从来没有失去充满,反抗精神的本原色,它独立于国家并与之格格不入,公然向世俗权威发起挑战

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

The other threat is eonomic, and all the economic issues are tied in my judgement, to the same core problem which is the long-term fiscal challenge that this country faces.

另一个威胁是经济方面的，我认为所有的经济问题,都和一个核心的问题分不开,就是我们国家面临的,长期财政挑战。

普林斯顿公开课 - 国际座谈会课程节选