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Because we've learned about that biology we've been able to make erythropoietin outside the body and use it as a drug.
由于我们已经知道了这种生物学机制,因此我们能体外制造促红细胞生成素,并作为药品应用
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Well, one way would be to isolate individual cells and culture them outside the body and see what they become.
一个方法就是分离单独的细胞,然后进行体外培养看看结果
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Must there be something outside the body that controls the body?
一定有某种物质在体外操控我们的躯体吗
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So inside the cell mostly water, outside the cell mostly water, but I need to separate my water from the water outside.
那么细胞内大多是水,细胞外大多也是水,但我需要将体内的和体外的水隔离开
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One can imagine that when they're inside this tube here, they're still really outside the body.
你可以想到当食物在肠管的时候,实际上还是处在体外的
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One of the main things that we use cell culture or maintenance of cells outside the body for is to make more copies of cells.
我们培养细胞,或者体外维持细胞的重要步骤,就是复制更多的细胞
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This property of cells in culture is called anchorage dependence - that the cell needs to be anchored to a surface in order to function properly.
体外培养细胞的这种特性,称为贴壁依赖性--,意思是细胞必须固定在,某个表面上才能正常生长
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In particular, cell culture technology or how you culture cells outside the body.
特别是,细胞培养技术,换句话说,就是如何在体外培养细胞
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It's this tube-like structure, which is made of many, many epithelial cells all directly adjacent to each other, is what separates the outside world from our internal bodies.
这些管状结构,也是由许许多多上皮细胞,互相连接而成的,它使体内和体外,区分开来
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And not just a camera but there are also tools on the end of these things so you can cut and you can do manipulations through this instrument.
除了摄像头外,在关节镜的末端还有其他的器械,你可以体外操纵这些器械进行切割等操作
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There's a continuous path from the outside world right through the intestine.
从体外经由肠道的路径,是一条连贯的通道
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The amount of water that you need to have the optimal sort of concentrations of things is determined by how much urine your kidneys produce and how much they excrete each day.
为了保持体内物质的理想浓度,所需的水量,取决于肾脏每天产生,以及排出体外的尿量
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We'll talk a little bit about the principles of cellular physiology and then I'll move next time to talking about how you culture cells outside of the body and what that's useful for.
这节课我们讲一些,细胞生理学的一些原理,下节课具体讲,体外培养细胞的方法,及其用途
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The problem it solves for the cell is how to do I make a barrier around myself to define what's in me and what's outside of me when most of what's around me and what's in me is water.
它为细胞解决的问题是,当我体外和体内大部分都是水情况下,我怎样在自己周围设置一个界线,来区分什么是体内的,什么是体外的
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Now one of the new technologies that's evolving, that we're going to talk about in the last half of the course, is taking cells that have been propagated in this way outside the body and encouraging them to form new tissues.
现在,与此相关的新技术正在蓬勃发展,我们将在这学期的后半部分讨论到它,这项技术,让细胞在体外增殖,并促使它们形成新的组织
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