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It can't enter cells because it's too big and it's too water soluble so it can't go through cell membranes.
它的分子太大了所以无法进入细胞,而且还是水溶性的,所以它也无法穿过细胞膜
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Many of them are derived from cholesterol and they're hydrophobic, which means they can penetrate through cell membranes.
多数分子都来自于胆固醇,它们是疏水性的,这意味着它们能够穿过细胞膜
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If a cell membrane was indeed just a lipid bilayer, then glucose could never enter the cell because it can't permeate through cell membranes.
如果细胞膜只是一个脂质双分子层的话,葡萄糖就不可能进入细胞,因为它不能渗透过细胞膜
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So if it's not a cell that's going through division you can't use a retrovirus to express the protein.
如果细胞不在分裂阶段,你就不能用逆转录病毒来表达某个蛋白
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It has to be small, and it has to be lipid soluble in order for it to pass through a cell membrane.
这些分子必须非常小,而且必须是脂溶性的,才能穿过细胞膜
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In fact, there are differences that can be detected upon the first cell division where this zygote divides through the process of mitosis.
事实上,受精卵在进行,第一次有丝分裂时,就会产生差异
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It goes from the region of the cell where the dendrites are down through the axon.
它从这个细胞的,树突顺流直下流向轴突
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This diagram here sort of allows me to walk you through some of the terminology of this stem cell development and talk about these concepts.
这张图让我能跟你们一起,走马观花地看看干细胞发展中的术语,探讨一下这些概念
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You're not fishing through a whole chromosome in order to find what you want, but you're going to a cell that's already enriched in it.
你不是大海捞针地,在一整个染色体中找基因,而是在一个充满了,你感兴趣的基因的细胞里找
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Then that information - that integrated information is passed onto another cell through the axon.
然后信息 - 整合好的信息,通过轴突传递给下一个细胞
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The way that the cell experience it is through some sort of biochemical changes.
细胞发生某种生物化学变化,以完成这个过程
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If cells were actively proliferating, that is you had a population of cells that are actively proliferating, they would be going through continuous rounds of the cell cycle.
如果细胞处在活跃增殖状态,就是说有一定数量的,细胞具有增殖活性,它们就会连续地经历细胞周期的各个阶段
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Information flows from the dendrites, through the cell body, down the axon.
信息从树突发出,穿过细胞体,传至轴突
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We've talked about one class of molecules, they're transporters that move molecules from inside to outside, or outside to in, that wouldn't ordinarily be transported through a cell membrane.
我们已经讲过一类这样的分子,它们是能够将分子从胞内运至胞外的载体,或者从胞外运至胞内,这个过程不是简单地穿过细胞膜
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Because of that they're barriers, they separate the inside of the cell from the outside of a cell, and only certain kinds of molecules can pass through a cell membrane.
因为它们的屏障作用,将细胞内外区隔开来,只有特定的,某些分子才能穿过细胞膜
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In order for it to get inside the cells and go through them there have to be transporters which specifically allow glucose to pass into the cell and then out into our body.
为使其能进入并穿过细胞,肠上皮必须具有葡萄糖特异性的转运蛋白,使葡萄糖能够穿过细胞进入体内
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Now, sodium and potassium don't ordinarily move across membranes, they're charged molecules, they can't dissolve, they can't permeate through a cell membrane, but they go through because there are channels that allow them to pass through in the membrane.
钠和钾通常是不能跨过细胞膜的,它们都是带电粒子,它们不能溶解在细胞膜中,不能渗透通过细胞膜,但它们之所以能通过细胞膜,全赖膜上离子通道的作用
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Because these molecules can span across the membrane from outside to inside, they're in just the right position to take messages that they receive from outside the cell and transmit them through the membrane into the cells internal apparatus, and that's what they do.
因为这些分子能穿过细胞膜,连通细胞内外,它们所在的位置非常适于接受信息,它们能将外界获得的信息,通过细胞膜传递给细胞器,这正是它们的功能
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