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All these cells come from the bone marrow and biologists have traced the formation of these cells in great detail.
所有这些细胞都来自骨髓,而生物学家已经很详细地,研究了这些细胞的形成过程
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Remember that these cells are relatively large compared to bacteria and so diffusion doesn't occur very quickly over this length scale.
要知道这些细胞相对细菌而言,还是比较大的,扩散作用在这种尺度上,发生得不是那么快
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I think that in the next decade we will probably know how these cells actually work and the ear catches up to vision smell and taste in that regard.
我还相信，未来的十年中,我们也许能探明这些细胞的机理,赶上视觉，嗅觉和味觉,这些领域的研究。
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These are sort of the cells, if you like, in memory that are holding the elements of the list.
记忆就像是数组中的元素,我们之前说的是，我在这里开始并且比较。
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Let me rewind slightly in the story so that I don't actually mislead because I forgot to update these two cells.
我们先倒回去一点,我没有误导，因为我忘记了,更新这两个单元。
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Now, what this enables these cells to do is to communicate with very specific other regions of the nervous system.
现在,细胞就能够,同神经系统其他特定区域进行通讯
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One of the ways they can do this is if there's no space in between these cells.
要完成吸收过程,肠道上皮细胞之间必须没有空隙
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It's these cells that are sitting at the surface here that are responsible for determining what becomes part of us and what stays outside.
位于肠道表面的细胞,决定了,吸收哪些分子而排出哪些分子
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Now, the differences here may be subtle in terms of chemical composition or if you put these cells under a microscope and looked at their analysis.
干细胞与祖细胞化学成分的区别,还非常微小,除非你把细胞放在显微镜下,或者看细胞分析报告
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One experiment a post doc of mine did was he took these cells and injected them back in to the ear into the otic vesicle at the stage where we think the cells are in development.
我的一位博士后做了一个实验,他提取出这些细胞,然后注射到,处于发育阶段的,耳部泡囊中。
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When we measure EKG's, what we're measuring is the activity of all these cells within our heart performing action potentials.
当我们做心电图的时候,我们所测量的是心脏内能发出,动作电位的细胞的活动状态
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So, they've lost one of the essential characteristics of these cells that are the same that I talked about earlier.
所以红细胞已经失去了,先前我讲过的,细胞共同属性之一
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If you could look at these cells you could find differences between them, there are chemical differences in the content of each of these cells.
如果观察这些细胞,你就能发现这些差异,每个细胞内容物的化学成分,都会有一些不同
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So, these cells can be many, many feet long, these processes can.
所以这些神经突起可以长达几英尺
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What holds all these cells that are doing different things together?
是什么让具有不同功能的细胞,凝聚在一起
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It goes - going through this process of amplifying divisions, every division increasing the number of cells by a factor of two and these cells becoming more differentiated around the way.
它经历了一系列扩增性的分裂过程,每次分化,细胞数目都翻一番,而在此过程中细胞分化得更成熟
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