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So why don't you tell me what the formal charge should be on the sulfur atom of thionyl chloride?
那么请大家来告诉我亚硫酰氯中,的硫原子应该有多少形式电荷？
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Gas phase single atom. So we don't have to deal with work function or any kind of energies associated with some condensed form of matter.
气相的单原子，所以我们不需要再,处理功函数的问题,以及和凝聚态相关的能量问题。
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So in terms of the first step of skeletal structure, this is actually going to be easier because we don't have a central atom, we just have carbon and nitrogen here.
对于第一步画出骨架，其实比刚才更容易,因为我们没有一个中心原子，我们这里只有碳和氮两个原子。
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Now, that doesn't mean it's got to be the same atom for atom.
但这不是说,每个原子都要一样。
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So, why don't you go ahead and tell me, keeping that in mind, which atom in terms of h c or n would you expect to be in the center of hydrogen cyanide?
那么，请大家来告诉我，并且记住它，你认为氢，碳和氮中哪个原子,应该在氰化氢的中间呢？
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So let's go to a second clicker question here and try one more. So why don't you tell me how many possible orbitals you can have in a single atom that have the following two quantum numbers?
让我们来看下一道题目,你们来告诉我,有多少个可能的轨道,含有这些量子数呢？
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So here I've written for the hydrogen atom that deceptively simple form of the Schrodinger equation, where we don't actually write out the Hamiltonian operator, but you remember that's a series of second derivatives, so we have a differential equation that were actually dealing with.
这里我写出了,氢原子薛定谔方程的,最简单形式，这里我们实际上,没有写出哈密顿算符,但是请记住那你有，一系列的二次导数,所有我们实际上会处理一个微分方程。
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Take an atom that after 24 hours hasn't broken down.
如果一个原子在二十四小时内没有分裂的话
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What I just spent many lectures discussing is the fact that we can not know how far away an electron is from the nucleus, so we can't actually know the radius of a certain atom.
我花了这么多课时所讨论的正是我们,不可能知道电子离原子核有多远这一事实，因此我们不可能知道某个原子的半径。
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I mean they take up a teeny bit but essentially when we're thinking about the set up of the atom, we don't have to account for them as using up a lot of the mass we're discussing.
所以我们可以假设电子没有质量,它们占据了，非常小的一部分,所以当我们考虑,原子的构造的时候,不用考虑它们的质量。
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So, let's take a look here at an example of an energy diagram for the hydrogen atom, and we can also look at a energy diagram for a multi-electron atom, and this is just a generic one here, so I haven't actually listed energy numbers, but I want you to see the trend.
所以让我们来看看,一个例子氢原子的能量图，我们也可看看一个,多电子原子的能量图，这是一个普通的图谱，我没有列出能量的数字，但是我想让你们看这个趋势。
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Often a good thing to start with is to put the lowest ionization energy atom in the middle, and if you don't have charge separation then go with that structure, but if you do find you have a lot of separation, such as the case in negative 2, positive 2, and minus 1, then you want to say wait a second, this is really bad in terms of formal charge, let me go ahead and see what other options I have here.
通常一开始把电离能最低的原子,放在中心位置就很好了，如果你发现电荷没有分开,那么这个结构就没问题了，但是如果你发现有很多分开的电荷，比如这种情况，有负二，正二和负一，那么你会想要说等一下，从形式电荷来看这很不好，让我去看看其它可能的选择。
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I am going to say if that electron is to stay in its orbit, that is to say it doesn't flee the atom, it doesn't collapse under the nucleus then the sum of the forces on the electron must be zero No net force. And so that will be the sum of a dynamic force plus an electrostatic.
如果电子会保持在它的轨道上运行,既不脱离原子的话，它就不会由于原子核对它的吸引力而被瓦解掉,电子所受的合力一定为零,由于没有合力,所以电子所受力为动态力和静电力的总和。
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So, why don't you take a look at this and tell me which are possible for a 2 s electron in a lithium atom where z 3 is going to be equal to three?
你们为什么不看一下这个然后告诉我对,于一个锂原子中的2s电子哪些是可能,的？它的有效电荷量,可能等于？
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So that's true for a hydrogen atom, it doesn't matter if you're in a p or an s orbital, their energies are the same.
这对于氢原子来说是这样的，不论是p或，者s轨道，能量是一样的。
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You don't need to know those, but just because it's a special case with the hydrogen atom, they do tend to be named -- the most important, of course, tends to be the Balmer series because that's what we can actually see being emitted from the hydrogen atom.
你们不需要记住,但因为这是氢原子的特例,人们想要命名它，最重要的是当然是Balmer系,因为它是我们可以看到的,从氢原子放出来的光谱。
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