So we need to get embryonic stem cells to form surface cells.

那么，我们就应该从表层细胞中提取胚胎干细胞。

斯坦福公开课 - 7个颠覆你思想的演讲课程节选

There are proteins, for example, on the surface of some cells that bind insulin and respond to the presence of insulin.

比如说蛋白,有些细胞表面上的蛋白,捕获胰岛素并且对胰岛素进行应答

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The way we did this was to coax embryonic stem cells first to develop into the surface layer.

我们是这么做的,先诱导胚胎干细胞,发育成外胚层。

斯坦福公开课 - 7个颠覆你思想的演讲课程节选

It's these cells that are sitting at the surface here that are responsible for determining what becomes part of us and what stays outside.

位于肠道表面的细胞,决定了,吸收哪些分子而排出哪些分子

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Then, your muscle cells would start producing Hepatitis B surface antigen and your immune system recognizing that's a foreign protein would start responding to it.

于是,肌肉细胞将会,开始制造乙肝表面抗原,然后免疫系统就会识别出,那是外来蛋白质并且产生免疫应答

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The kinds of proteins that sit on a cell surface and form adhesion junctions with neighboring cells, that's one class of cells on the surface.

这些蛋白位于细胞表面,和相邻的细胞建立粘附链接,这是细胞的一个种类

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

In some senses most of the cells in our body are stuck to a surface.

大部分情况下,我们体内的细胞都黏联在某个表面上

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

This property of cells in culture is called anchorage dependence - that the cell needs to be anchored to a surface in order to function properly.

体外培养细胞的这种特性,称为贴壁依赖性--,意思是细胞必须固定在,某个表面上才能正常生长

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

We've learned how to identify and catalog cells according to the composition of proteins on the surface and those proteins that distinguish a cell are often called marker proteins.

我们学会了如何按照表面的蛋白成分,来识别并分类细胞,而这些用来区别细胞的蛋白,通常称为标记蛋白

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

For now, just know that different kinds of cells, one of the ways they're different is that they express different proteins and the population of proteins on the surface of different cells is different.

现在,你们只要知道有不同的细胞,它们之间的一种区别,就是它们表达不同的蛋白,而不同细胞表面的蛋白种类,也是不同的

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Eventually what happens is that glucose transport molecules which are expressed and stored inside the cell get shuttled up to the surface, so the cells permeability to glucose goes up and more glucose can come in.

最终的结果是那些已经表达,并储存于细胞中的能够运输糖的载体分子,穿梭到细胞表面,这样细胞对糖的透过性提高,更多糖分子进入到细胞内部

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Well, the way that your immune system recognizes it is that all the cells of our body express a molecule on their surface, a membrane protein called the MHC1 complex.

而免疫系统识别的方法是,身体内所有细胞在其表面表达一种分子,一种叫做MHC1复合体的膜蛋白

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选