The scientists saw that, if these flower-discs were set at a tricky upright angle, the bees much preferred to land on the ones with conical surface cells.
Receptors are protein molecules that sit on the surface of cells in the nose.
Karp's group is working on an approach to chemically modify the surface of cells to enhance their targeting to specific sites.
They found that T cells went into action when CD-2 bound itself to a counterpart molecule, LFA-3, on the surface of cells that escort antigens to their death.
First, by using radioactive tracers to track the behavior of hormones, Lekfowitz was able to identify and extract unique receptor molecules protein assemblies on the surface of cells including the receptor for the well-known fight-or-flight hormone, adrenaline.
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The firm was founded in the early 1990s by several academic researchers, including Axel Ullrichof Germany's Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, who had been studying receptors on the surface of cells that receive growth signals from other parts of the body.
Faslodex works by inhibiting the estrogen receptors on the surface of cancer cells.
In 1987 Biogen and Harvard University scientists were experimenting with a receptor called CD-2, situated on the surface of T cells.
Instead, scientists believe that it "recruits" another natural protein, PrP, which sits on the surface of brain cells, to become like it.
Even though the body's immune system cannot beat cancer, it still produces a response, creating antibodies targeted at proteins on the surface of cancer cells.
This consists of two sugar-protein molecules known as gp120 and gp41 that react with a protein called CD4, which is found on the surface of certain cells of the immune system.
Researchers at Genentech and Amgen, as well as at Human Genome Sciences, are in early human tests of drugs that aim to attach and stimulate so-called "death receptors" on the surface of cancer cells.
If these can be identified, they hope that the number of these on the surface of tumour cells can be boosted, so they present an obvious target for "killer" cells in the body's immune system.
She said the regulation limiting the surface area of the cells negated most of the advantage they provided.
The HIV virus reproduces with a cell, then virus particles bud off that cell's surface to infect other cells in the body.
Using tumor samples from wo-men with breast cancer, he used a gadget called a cell sorter to sift through dozens of different proteins on the surface of breast cancer cells, searching for patterns that might identify stem cells.
This process made cells spread out on the surface of culture plates, in a similar way to cancer cells moving out from a tumour.
PD-1 "receptors" sit on the surface of immune-system cells when they're activated and on the hunt for enemies.
HER2, a molecule often found on the surface of breast-tumour cells.
The closest thing out there to LED photomodulation is a controversial procedure called nonablative laser treatment, which uses heat to burn away sub-surface skin so that new cells will replace it.
Bagnall is himself trying to nanoengineer surfaces for solar cells by mimicking the surface of moth eyes, which possess excellent antireflective surfaces.
It enters the body through tiny breaks in the skin caused by rubbing during sex, making its way below the surface to worm inside immature skin cells in and around the genital tract, (see diagram, below).
Cells have receptors on their surface that, when the right key (or ligand) is inserted, cause them to change.
HINT, crops up in 11 different genes for receptor proteins that sit on a cell's surface waiting for messenger molecules from other cells.
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University of Miami pathologist Richard Cote is using Yang's principle of a lensless microscope to pioneer a way to move a microscope across sample cells located on a fixed surface.
These cells pile up on the surface of the skin when the body cannot shed them fast enough, leading to unsightly patches of raised red skin covered by a flaky white build-up.
Perhaps the most obvious obstacle Apple may face will be the potential limitation for a gadget meant to be so small to have a large enough surface area on which to embed the solar cells.
However, there are problems with longer-term use, as the skin constantly produces new cells, while those at the surface die and are brushed off, meaning a new sensor would need to be attached at least every fortnight.
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