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A society based simply on the mutual calculation of interests could not be a real political society for Aristotle.
一个建构在双方相互算计利益的社会,对亚里士多德而言,并不是一个真正的政治社会。
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The polity is the regime that represents for Aristotle a mixture of the principles of oligarchy and democracy.
政体对亚里士多德而言,即是代表,寡头与民主原则混合的政权。
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For Aristotle however politics has a priority to all the others because as he has argued man is the political animal.
对亚里士多德而言,政治优先于其它学科,因为如他所主张人类,是政治的动物。
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For Aristotle, human beings have a goal or a telos, which is to live a life in community with others for the sake of human flourishing.
亚里士多德认为，人类是有目的的，这个目的就是，与他人住在一起,最终达到人类的生生不息。
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In many ways for Aristotle as it is for every student of politics the most serious the most difficult issue one confronts is the problem of faction.
从很多方面看来，无论是对亚里士多德,还是每位政治系的同学而言,最令人最感严肃,与严重的问题,是派系的问题。
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But for Aristotle it is not the liberty of the individual so much as the functioning or functional well-being of the city that is the highest priority.
但对亚里士多德而言,并非个人自由,而是城市运作中,或能运作的福利,才是最要优先考虑的事。
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But then the question is, for Aristotle, the question he poses for us is: Logos What is the connection between logos, ? the capacity for speech of rationality, and politics?
但问题是，对亚里士多德而言：,他丢给我们的问题是：什么，即辩论合理性的能力与政治之间的关连？
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It also entails for Aristotle, interestingly, the power of love.
有趣的是，对亚里士多德而言，它还必须包含爱的力量。
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Again, for Aristotle, by contrast, art presupposes nature.
亚里士多德不同，自然高于艺术。
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Yet Aristotle's conception of our political nature seems to require standards of justice that are natural or right for us.
但亚里士多德对我们政治天性的概念,似乎需要正义的标准,且那对我们是自然或正确的法治预设。
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We can begin to see it is clear how Aristotle's best regime differs from Plato's intransigent demand for the rule of philosopher-kings.
我们可以开始清楚地发现,亚里士多德的最佳政体,如何有别于柏拉图,对哲学家国王统治的不妥协要求。
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Yet, for all of this, one might say there is still a profound enigma surrounding Aristotle's political works.
但除了上述之外，人们还是觉得,亚里士多德的政治作品仍充满了深奥的谜团。
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Yet at the same time is Aristotle seen defending democracy providing reason and many sensible ? arguments for democratic regimes?
而与此同时，亚里士多德,是在捍卫民主吗？他是在提供理由,与理智论点给民主政体参考吗？
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Are Aristotle's views on democracy correct here in his analysis? Do in fact many chefs make ? for a better dinner than a single chef?
亚里士多德对民主的看法,从他的分析来看，正确吗？多位厨师所准备的,晚餐真的比单一厨师所准备的来的好吗？
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The antiquity of a law alone is no justification for its usage. Aristotle seems to reject you might say Burkean conservatism long before the time.
法律的古老性不能作为其用法的借口,亚里士多德似乎事先拒绝,你可能会说柏克式的保守主义,古老与传统并不能。
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For Aristotle the point and purpose of political science is to mediate the causes of faction to help causes of faction that lead to revolution and civil war.
对亚里士多德而言,政治科学的论点与目的,是要调解形成派系的起因,避免派系形成，因那会导致革新与内战。
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Natural right is mutable because different circumstances will require different kinds of decisions. So does this mean then that for Aristotle there are no universally valid ? standards of justice or right?
自然权利是易变的，因为不同的情况,将需要不同种的决策,这是否就意谓着亚里士多德,认为没有寰宇合法的,正义与权利标准？
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Aristotle's Politics is a book about the kind of knowledge requisite for that kind of skill.
亚里士多德的《政治学》,是一本关于这种技能,所需之必备知识的著作。
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Aristotle, for Hobbes, had simply seen the world through the wrong end of the telescope.
对霍布斯来说，亚里士多德简单地,从望远镜的错误一端看世界。
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The large polyglot, multiethnic communities of today would not, on Aristotle's account, allow for sufficient mutual trust and friendship to count as a healthy political community.
大量精通数种语言者，今日的多民族小区，在亚里士多德看来，将无法提供足够的相互信任与友爱,因此无法被认作是健康的政治社群。
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For Hobbes, Aristotle taught the dangerous doctrine of republican government that was seen to be practiced particularly during the Cromwellian Period in England, during the civil war.
对贺伯斯而言，亚里士多德教授,共和政府的危险教义,而那被视为,是英国克伦威尔时期所盛行，当时仍在英国内战时期。
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We need to avoid the temptation, in many ways understandable as it might be, to airbrush or sanitize Aristotle, to make him seem more politically correct for modern readers.
我们要避开这个诱惑，虽然在很多方面看来，他可能在经过喷雾与消毒之后较易理解，亚里士多德,也许会对现代的读者变得比较政治正确。
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For centuries, Aristotle's authority seemed to go virtually unchallenged.
几个世纪以来,亚里士多德的权威似乎无可动摇。
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It was, above all, the influence of the classics, Aristotle and Cicero in particular, that Hobbes regards as an important cause for the recent civil war and the regicide of Charles I.
霍布斯认为，正是受这些古典作品的影响，尤其是亚里士多德和西塞罗的作品，才导致了最近内战的爆发,和对查理一世国王的处决。
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So if Aristotle's political science is an education for statesmanship you might say ? what are its methods? What are its distinctive ? methods? How do we educate a statesman?
所以，如果亚里士多德的政治科学,是一种领袖风范的教育,则我们要问其方法为何,其特殊的方法为何？
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This makes it difficult you could say and this is Aristotle's point I think this makes it difficult for the philosopher to be a good citizen of any actual regime.
可以这么说，这让它变得很难搞,而这也是亚里士多德的重点,我认为这让哲学家很难成为好公民,无论身处那一种现行政体中。
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To begin to answer this question you might say even begin to think about it in the right way requires that we stand back from Aristotle's text for a while and ask some fundamental questions about it.
若要开始回答这个问题,你也甚至可以说,开始以正确的方式思考这个问题,需要我们,暂时放下亚里士多德的大作,回头提问一些基本的问题。
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For the great Jewish medieval philosopher, Moses Maimonides Aristotle was called by him " "the Master of those who know."
而对中古世纪的犹太哲学家，而言，Moses，Maimonides，亚里士多德则被他称为,“有识者的老师“
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There we see in Book II Aristotle offering his criticism of the claims for the sort of excessive unification of centralization concentration of property.
我们在第，II，册中看到,亚里士多德提出了这个评论,针对过度要求,集中一致性,集中财产的主张。
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