This is a really pretty dramatic change in human evolution and the question is: what happened?

在人类演化中,这是个戏剧性的变化,问题是,到底发生了什么

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

Here's a little video clip that I'd like to show you that talks about evolution and how humans have evolved in relationship to their food.

接下来我们看段视频,主要讲述了生物演化,还有人类和食物之间的演化关系

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

If evolution is survival of the fittest, nature red in tooth and claw, how could animals evolve moral feelings?

如果进化论是讲适者生存，在弱肉强食的自然界，动物怎么能进化出道德情感？

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

And so it really, not the course but the idea for the course, was an evolution three years four years ago, really, when I was involved in something called the Civic Values Task Force, which was started by Princeton Project 55.

所以说，不是这个课程,而是这个课程的设想，是在三四年前形成的，当时我参加了,公民价值专责小组，由普林斯顿大学55工程发起。

普林斯顿公开课 - 人性课程节选

And the evolution of banking in the nineteenth century further consolidates power.

在十九世纪,银行得以发展,并巩固了它的实力

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

That people were conceived, whether by nature or by God or even by evolution, with a certain order to them; some born to do this and some born to do that and some born to do that.

即人的等级已经被设定好了,不管是被自然还是上帝,还是进化使然,天命不可违,有人天生做这种事,有人天生做那种事等等

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

So for Wellhausen, the Priestly source, which emphasizes cult and ritual logically it had to represent a late degenerate stage in the evolution of Israelite religion, because priestly ritualistic cultic practices, these are degenerations.

对于Wellhausen，牧师来源强调祭祀和仪式,它代表了一种晚期的退化阶段,在以色列宗教的进化进程，因为牧师仪式的宗教习俗都是一种退化。

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选

And so one could say that there is a very unfortunate mismatch between our biology and our evolution and the modern food environment, because biology of course takes thousands and thousands, millions of years even to change, but the food environment has changed relatively recently.

可以说,在人类的生物进化和现在的,食品环境之间存在着非常不幸的脱节,生物学上的改变要花上,成千上万年的时间,但是食品环境却可以在短时间内迅速改变

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

So, evolution works at a level of the genes and because of that it could give rise to animals that are themselves altruistic.

进化论起作用的是我们的基因,因此进化论能产生,有利他主义的动物。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

Then we dealt with the emotions, ?? rationality, and evolution, and a lot of that.

接着我们学习了情绪，理智，进化等等。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

Now let's get onto the course topic for today, which is food and evolution.

现在我们要进入今天的主题,即食品和人类演化

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

So the environment has changed in a short time but evolution has not and there's a real mismatch now, which explains why you probably like Haagen-Dazs better than you like cauliflower.

所以食品环境在短时间内就能改变,但是进化不能 于是就有了错位,这也就能解释为什么哈根达斯,比菜花更受欢迎

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

Hence, selfish genes will lead to altruistic animals because, to the extent that evolution operates at the level of the genes, there's no hard and fast distinction between your own body and someone else's body.

所以，自私基因会导致利他行为，从这个意义上说,进化在基因层面进行，你自己的身体和别人的身体,没有严格差别。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

It's happened over the course of millions of years of human evolution, but it's happened also in a relatively recent time frame when we think about the American diet and what people are eating, but also the world diet of course.

它们发生在人类数百万年的演化历程中,在近现代,当我们考虑美国人的食谱,当然也包括全世界的食谱,同样在发生着这些变革

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

This Cambridge History of Food talks about three separate primary phases in human food evolution: one beginning a million and a half years ago, another about 700,000 years ago, and then the 10,000 year ago one that I talked about just a moment ago.

剑桥饮食史》描述了,人类饮食结构演化过程中的三个不同阶段,其一,始于一百五十万年前,其二,距今约七十万年,其三,距今一万年,我们刚讨论过了

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

Here is a picture of a cover from the journal--the magazine The Economist who were writing about food and nutrition in modern times and they created this graphic for the website to show the evolution of humans.

这是来自《经济学人》杂志的一篇关于,现代食品和营养的报道,他们为网站制作了这张图,来演示人类的演化过程

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选