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You couldn't just run something successfully in a cycle and get work out of it, using the heat from the hot reservoir, without also converting some of the heat that came in to heat that would flow into a cold reservoir.
如果一样东西在循环工作过程中,只有热从高温热源中流出，而没有热流入低温热源，那么此过程,不可能对外做功,不可能把所有热。
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See my friends, go drink, go for a drink, go for a walk, get to the countryside, cycle, I like cycling, I do that.
看朋友，去酒吧，去喝酒，散步，去乡下，骑自行车，我喜欢骑自行车，我就做这些事。
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It gets produced in response to a signal so there's a binding of a ligand to a receptor, the enzyme that does this conversion is activated and more cycle AMP is released.
这类分子的产生是对信号做出的一种反应,当配体和受体结合时,催化这种转化过程的酶被激活,更多的cAMP释放出来
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So the first step to doing that is I want to just generalize our results so far for a Carnot cycle.
第一步,首先来推广一下,卡诺循环的结果。
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Each year it's dramatized by the cycle of the seasons, And at a certain time of the year it seems that The forces of darkness and chaos are prevailing but each spring, Once again, cosmic order and life return.
每年这冲突都由季节的轮回戏剧性地体现出来，仿佛是每年都有一个时期,弥散着黑暗和混乱的势力，可是每当春天来临，宇庙的秩序又恢复了。
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They start on Thursday and go through a Monday cycle.
从周四开始到下周一是一个循环
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So that's a virtuous cycle.
所以是个良性循环。
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So we're going to go through a thermodynamic cycle, and here's what I want to calculate when we do this.
那么我们要推导,一个热力学循环,这是这个过程中我要计算的东西。
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So this is the picture, and this is a cycle that undertakes it.
这是图像，是由这个循环开始的。
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This is a life cycle of a particular class of viruses called retroviruses.
这里是称为逆转录病毒的一种特殊病毒的,生命周期
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If cells were actively proliferating, that is you had a population of cells that are actively proliferating, they would be going through continuous rounds of the cell cycle.
如果细胞处在活跃增殖状态,就是说有一定数量的,细胞具有增殖活性,它们就会连续地经历细胞周期的各个阶段
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Of course there are lots of ways we can execute the cycle, but this is a simple one, and these are steps that we're all familiar with at this point.
当然循环过程,可以有很多种方法，这是一个简单的例子，这是循环过程,循环中的每一步我们都很熟悉。
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If we build an engine for a car or anything else, it almost always is going to have some key element that's operating in a cycle, otherwise it won't keep going, right.
如果我们为一辆汽车，或其他什么东西制造一台引擎,它总要有一些关键，要素来形成循环。
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And I wanted to do it a different way which is a little bit convoluted, but it introduces the idea of a thermodynamic cycle, and it's something that we're going to use a lot in the class.
现在我将用另一种,有些复杂的办法来推导这一关系，在这一过程中引入,我们今后会常接触到的,热力学循环的概念。
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It's not a result that's specific to the one cycle that we put up.
这不是某一个,特定热机的结果。
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Well, then you could imagine a cycle here where activation of the receptor is leading to production of more ligand, is leading to activation of the receptor and production of a ligand.
那么,你就能画出一个循环图,激活受体能导致,更多配体的生成,这些配体又会刺激受体生成更多配体
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