There is nothing more symptomatic of the growth of absolute rule than the growth of powerful armies.

没有什么比日益扩充的强大军队,更能代表绝对主义了

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

It's just to make clear, with some emphasis, about the importance of the development of absolute rule.

这节课将重点地阐述,绝对主义发展的重要性

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

They agree to be junior partners of absolute rule and they weren't the only ones.

贵族们同意支持绝对主义以分得利益,但他们也不是绝对主义唯一的支持者

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

Even the development of this theory of absolute rule is in response to the rise of these territorial states like Spain, and France, and Russia later.

绝对主义理论的发展,是与领土国的兴起相呼应,像西班牙,法国,以及后来的俄国

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

We agree to be junior partners in absolute rule in exchange for recognizing your supreme authority over us in exchange for the protection that you will afford us."

我们愿意臣服在您的绝对权威之下,我们将视您为无上的权力,作为交换你必须向我们提供保护"

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

Given the very different route that Prussia, Austria, Russia, Sweden and France went with a centralization of absolute rule, why did it work out so differently for England/Britain and the Netherlands?

在选择政体时,当普鲁士,奥地利,俄国,瑞典,法国,都伴随着中央集权走上绝对主义国家的道路,为什么英国和荷兰会如此与众不同呢

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

This is a point we'll come back to, particularly when we're talking about the two most important states, two of the great powers of the period that did not have absolute rule.

这一点我们后面会详细讲,特别是当我们谈到最重要的两个,没有建立绝对统治的强国的时候

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

That's really the defining moment in absolute rule.

那真的是绝对主义［确立］的决定性时刻

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

So, you have these diets and you have these parliaments, but one of the characteristics of absolute rule is that you don't have to call these bodies because the king is the big person.

所以,虽然设有国会,议会,绝对主义国家的特点之一,就是君主不必召开这些代议机构,因为他一人说了算

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

I'm going to talk about absolute rule.

我今天要讲的内容是绝对主义

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

Let's characterize absolute rule.

让我们归纳一下绝对主义国家的特征

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

So, what happens with all this is that absolute rule impinges directly on the lives of ordinary people more than kingly, or queenly, or princely, or archbishoply power had intruded on the lives of ordinary people before that.

随之而来的结果就是,绝对王权统治,比起之前的王室以及教会的统治,对普通民众的直接影响要严重地多

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

Now, out of all of this, again to repeat, we are not making the argument that the Thirty Years' War itself led to absolute rule, that the growth of state structures can be seen in the beginning and the late medieval period with the consolidation of these territorial monarchies.

综上所述,我再重复一遍,我们并不能推断说,三十年战争本身导致了绝对主义的发展,国家的构建在中世纪的早期,以及晚期的领土兼并中就已经初见端倪

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

And to try to explain why it was that absolute rule came to europe at the time it did, one has to not only look at the particular structures of states, but one has to look at the overview and the sheer horror of it all.

要解释为什么绝对主义在这个时候遍行于欧洲,我们不仅要着眼于各国特有的社会结构,还要纵观全局,了解当时社会上的恐慌

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

Now, one of the reasons why people would-- it's unthinkable for someone like me or for probably most of you to imagine giving up your rights to a kind of absolute rule, though we seem to be in a situation like that, where that's happened quite a lot recently, even in this own country.

我或者你们中绝大多数的人,很难想象会有这么多人,宁愿放弃自己的权利,而屈从于一种绝对王权的原因,尽管在我们国家,最近类似的事情层出不穷,让我们仿佛能够感同身受

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

But the period of absolute rule really begins in the mid-seventeenth century, and is to be found in those states that had specific kinds of social structures.

但是绝对主义实际上起源于十七世纪中叶,［absolutism普遍的翻译为绝对主义或者绝对君主制］ 而且只出现在那些有着特定社会结构的国家里

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

One thing absolute monarchs don't want is they don't want impediments to their personal rule.

绝对统治者厌恶的一点,就是妨碍他们个人专制的绊脚石

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

So, they make their personal or dynastic rule absolute based on loyalty to them as individuals and not to the state as some sort of abstraction.

所以,君主将个人或者王朝的绝对统治,建立在［民众］对其统治家族的忠诚,而非国家这样的抽象概念上

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

But in absolute states, there's no doubt who rules and who helps rule.

但是,在绝对主义的国家里,谁是统治者谁是帮手,这是不容置疑的

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选