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So, there's no absolutes about this, this is a general response where all the features can be different with different pathogens.
这其中并没有明确的规律,免疫应答是普遍存在的,但针对不同的病原体的应答规律各不相同
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When they do that they can actually engulf the bacteria in a process called phagocytosis and break them down into antigens.
免疫细胞确实是将细菌整个吞进了肚内,这一过程称为吞噬作用,并将细菌分解成小抗原
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It's how quickly, how promptly we can recover from these painful emotions-- in other words, how strong our psychological immune system is.
区别在于他们能够多么迅速，多么快速地从痛苦情绪中恢复过来-,换言之，我们的心理免疫系统有多强。
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Suppose that most times and most activities were death free, but certain activities introduce the possibility of dying.
假设大部分时间和大部分活动都是死亡免疫的，但某些活动,会引起死亡的可能性。
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Humoral refers to immunity in the blood and it's immunity that's in the blood in the form of antibodies.
体液免疫代表着血液中的免疫机制,血液中的免疫机制是以抗体的形式存在的
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So, just an introduction to the classes of potential foreign invaders that our immune system tries to defend us against.
所以 我只是简单介绍几类,免疫系统试图抵御的潜在外来侵略者
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You don't have it, you don't have any immunity to smallpox, you don't have any reason to immunity to smallpox.
你们对天花没有任何免疫力,你没有任何理由能对天花免疫
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We're going to talk about how they're prepared, but it's a preparation that is intended to stimulate your immune system.
我们会讲它们是如何做准备的,它通过刺激你的免疫系统来进行准备
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This is a way for the immune system to recognize things that are going wrong inside the cell protected from antibodies.
这是免疫系统识别,抗体不能识别的细胞内病变的方法
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In the immune system you could think of it as an even more complex set of outcomes that occur.
免疫系统是一个,有更多复杂结果的大集合
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You've all been immunized for Hepatitis B, would you be happy to hear that that's where your Hepatitis B vaccine came from?
你们都对乙型肝炎具有免疫力了,如果你知道你的乙型肝炎疫苗,是从何而来的话,你还会高兴的起来吗
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In fact, the people who have been most important in understanding how the innate immune system works are people here at Yale.
事实上 在研究先天免疫系统,反应机理中,最重要的科学家就在耶鲁
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Usually it's done by taking all or part of the infectious agent, and showing them to your immune system in some way.
通常它会带着全部或部分抗原介质,并以某种方式呈递给你的免疫系统
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Memory cells are long lasting cells that remember this exposure and can respond very quickly on second exposure.
记忆细胞可以长时间记忆与抗原的接触,并在再次免疫中迅速做出应答
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One kind of response is called the innate response and innate means that it's present from the beginning.
其中之一称为先天性免疫反应,先天的意思是生来就有的
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But because of the similarity of the viruses, the immune response that people developed would also protect them against natural infections with variola.
因为这两种病毒很相像,人体的免疫应答也能保护自己,免受天花的感染
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But innate responses are there from the very beginning and they can fight foreign--against foreign pathogens immediately.
但是先天免疫反应与生俱来,可以迅速同外源病原体展开斗争
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It's simply your psychological immune system will become stronger, hopefully already by the end of this semester.
只是你的心理免疫系统会变得更强，希望在本学期未就见成效。
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So, you couldn't introduce the live virus in because that would cause the disease not just immunity.
所以 不可以直接接种活体病毒,因为这会使人致病而不仅是引起免疫应答
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That is, mix it with things which make it more make your immune system respond more strongly.
也就是说,增大剂量以使,你的免疫系统产生强烈的反应
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How do you engineer what happens in our immune system in order to protect us from diseases?
我们如何将免疫功能工程化,保护我们远离疾病
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Some, like the smallpox vaccine on one exposure generates a very high response that lasts for many years so you don't need a boost.
有一些疫苗,比如接触一次天花疫苗后,人体就能产生高水平的免疫应答,并持续很多年,所以无需再次接种
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Now, why do you need a cell mediated immune response if you have an antibody response?
为什么你还要有细胞免疫反应呢,你已经有抗体应答了啊
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Then, your muscle cells would start producing Hepatitis B surface antigen and your immune system recognizing that's a foreign protein would start responding to it.
于是,肌肉细胞将会,开始制造乙肝表面抗原,然后免疫系统就会识别出,那是外来蛋白质并且产生免疫应答
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If you go onto study immunology you'll learn that this is one of the most important and rapidly evolving areas of the study of immunology.
如果你要继续学习免疫学的话,你就会知道这是免疫学中,最为重要而且高速发展的一个研究领域
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You also mentioned vaccines and we're going to talk a lot in the middle part of the course about vaccines and the engineering of immunity.
你们也提到了疫苗,我们会在这学期重点讲它,疫苗以及免疫工程
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And our psychological immune system strengthens when we give ourselves the permission to be human.
我们的心理免疫系统会加强,当我们准许自己为人时。
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So, the antigen we're thinking about is a vaccine particularly designed to elicit immune response against a pathogen.
我们现在考虑的这种抗原,是一种特别设计的疫苗,它能够诱发免疫效应以消灭病原体
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This is commonly used in the immune system as well, but it's a way of amplifying a signal.
免疫系统也常使用这种方法,但这主要是一种放大信号的方式
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The immune system that we're used to thinking about is called the adaptive immune system, and the adaptive immune system does just that.
我们过去认识的免疫系统部分,现在被称为获得性免疫系统,获得性免疫系统功能如下
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