I have some kind of virus,and the doctors, they don't know what it is, and there isn't anythingthey can do about it.

VOA: standard.other

So, that was a naturally occurring attenuated virus that could be produced into a vaccine that didn't cause the disease.

因为天花病毒存在天然的衰减病毒,这种衰减病毒可以用来,直接生产不致病的疫苗

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, they don't start killing all the cells in your respiratory system; they only kill the cells that are harboring the virus.

所以它们不会杀死所有呼吸系统内的细胞,只杀死那些被病毒感染的细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Mutations in the virus mean that last year's vaccine probably won't protect against this year's flu variety.

VOA: standard.2010.07.21

So, you couldn't introduce the live virus in because that would cause the disease not just immunity.

所以 不可以直接接种活体病毒,因为这会使人致病而不仅是引起免疫应答

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

"You really can't do anything when you have a virus that doesn't grow well except trying to wiggle it around to get it grow better."

VOA: standard.2010.04.29

Maybe you don't need the whole virus, but you could just use a piece of the virus,right?

也许你并不需要完整的病毒,你只需使用病毒的一部分

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

"They don't mutate,and the reason they don't mutate is that if they try to, the virus can't survive if you have mutations in these sites."

VOA: standard.2010.07.21

You could use cell culture, so you don't have to grow the virus naturally in animals.

你可以利用细胞培养技术,那你就不必在动物身上培养病毒

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

If you log on to Zazzle you can order a mug,t-shirt, even a tie promoting swine flu parties and their offer of a free H1N1 virus.

VOA: standard.2009.12.18

And then I don't have to produce the whole virus in order to make a vaccine.

那么无需合成完整的病毒,就能制造疫苗

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

"There was a lot about this new virus that we didn't know."

VOA: standard.2010.04.29

Formaldehyde cross-links proteins, so, if you treated this virus with Formaldehyde, even it was able to enter a cell, it couldn't break down anymore.

甲醛使蛋白质发生交联反应,因此,如果你对病毒使用了甲醛,即使它可以侵入细胞,它也不能够再进行分解

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

We've talked about killing a virus by cross-linking it, for example, to make a substance that looks like a vaccine-- looks like a virus but can't replicate.

例如,我们谈论过,通过蛋白交联来杀死病毒,以便制造出一种类似疫苗,应该是类似病毒但却无法进行复制的物质

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

It turned out that one of--there were three vaccine manufacturers, one of them was using the procedure not quite correctly, they weren't completely killing the virus when they produced their vaccine.

结果显示,疫苗的生产厂家一共有三个,其中一家的生产程序不是非常正确,他们在生产疫苗的时候,并没有完全杀死病毒

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Because this is not a virus at all, but it's a virus subunit, your body doesn't respond to it as strongly, your immune system doesn't respond to it as strongly.

因为这根本不是病毒,而是一个病毒亚基,机体对其反应不是那么强烈,免疫系统不会产生强烈的应答

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Or maybe you don't need the whole virus.

也许你并不需要完整的病毒

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, you cross link all the proteins in the virus, and you make a particle that looks like a virus but it can't act like a virus any longer because it can't replicate.

当病毒中所有的蛋白质交联后,就得到了一种看上去像病毒,却无法致病的病毒,因为这种病毒不能进行复制

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Hopefully their immune systems will respond to it like the real virus but it won't be capable of replication because we've chemically cross linked it so it can't go through its life cycle.

人体的免疫系统,就会对该病毒产生免疫应答,但灭活的病毒不能复制,因为我们已经对它做了化学处理,使它无法进入生命周期

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Another approach which is still investigational, in that it's being tried for many diseases but not yet clinically used in any particular one, is maybe you don't need to introduce a whole virus or pieces of a protein at all.

另一种方法目前仍处于试验阶段,该方法即将试用于许多疾病,但还没有对某一特定疾病进行临床试验,那就是无需引入整个病毒,或者根本不用引入蛋白质片段

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

You'd want to make sure that you separated the virus from all the other parts of cow skin so that your ultimate preparation was enriched in the virus and didn't contain quantities of other things that would be hazardous.

你要保证,你从所有的牛皮组织上分离出病毒,这样最终的制剂产品才会富集病毒,并且不会携带其它物质,这些物质可能带来危险

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Now, a virus is not capable of reproducing on its own, so if you got a virus into your body somehow and it didn't enter any of your cells, it would cause no damage because it could not reproduce.

病毒自身并不能繁殖,所以如果你的身体感染了病毒,而病毒没有进入细胞的话,因其不能繁殖所以不会对身体造成伤害

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, either stimulates the production of-- and differentiation of B-cells, to produce a specific antibody that can neutralize the virus, or stimulates the production of cytotoxic T-cells that can kill infected cells within your body.

所以,疫苗的刺激要么能够,促进B淋巴细胞产生和分化,以生成特定的抗体来杀灭病毒,要么刺激T细胞释放细胞毒素,杀死身体里被感染的细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, when the right signal is received, the right T-cell finds your host cell with a foreign virus in it, the first thing that happens is that this T-cell becomes activated and it starts reproducing, making more copies of itself.

所以 当接收到正确的信号,恰当的T细胞寻觅到,感染外源病毒的细胞时,首先发生的是,T细胞被激活并开始增殖,制造更多自身拷贝

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选